Table of Contents

Introduction Basic Physics Instrumentation Knobology Doppler and Color Flow Principles Basic Principles Sonographic Abdominal Anatomy Epigastric Pain (Upper Abdominal Pain): Pancreatitis? Right Upper Quadrant Mass: Possible Metastases to Liver Right Upper Quadrant Pain Abnormal Liver Function Tests: Jaundice Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) Palpable Left Upper Quadrant Mass Ultrasound of Abdominal Wall Masses Midabdominal Mass: Possible Ascites Right Lower Quadrant Pain Possible Adrenal Mass Possible Renal Mass Renal Failure Unexplained Hematocrit Drop Hematuria Rule Out Pleural Effusion and Chest Mass Transplants: Renal, Liver, Pancreatic Possible Invasive Rectal Wall Mass or Anal Sphincter Break Neck Mass Possible Testicular Mass: Pain in the Testicle Prostate: Prostate Carcinoma, Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Penile Problems Breast Ultrasound Infertility Rule Out Adnexal Mass Midline Pelvic Mass Chronic Pain Vaginal Bleeding with Negative Pregnancy Test Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices Pediatric Abdominal Masses Neonatal Intracranial Problems Spinal Ultrasonography Developmental Dysplasia of the Infant Hip First Trimester Bleeding Acute Pelvic Pain Uncertain Dates: Elective Cesarean Section, "Late Registratant" Second and Third Trimester Bleeding Small for Dates Large for Dates Possible Fetal Anomalies Fetal Well-Being and Fetal Death Abnormal Fetal Heart Carotid Artery Disease Intracranial Vascular Problems Pain and Swelling in the Limbs Arterial Problems in the Limbs Shoulder Problems Common Ankle and Foot Problems Ultrasound-Guided Techniques Nursing Procedures Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) in Sonography Artifacts Equipment Care and Quality Control Photography Preliminary Reports Malpractice and Ultrasound Accreditation Chapter Appendices