Table of Contents

Introduction
1. Punched Cards and the 1890 United States Census
2. New Users, New Machines
3. U.S. Challengers to Hollerith
4. The Rise of International Business Machines
5. Decline of Punched Cards for European Census Processing
6. Punched Cards for General Statistics in Europe
7. Different Roads to European Punched-Card Bookkeeping
8. Keeping Tabs on Society with Punched Cards
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Appendix: Financial Information: Tables and Figures
Notes
Essay on Sources
Index

About the Author

Lars Heide is an associate professor at the Centre for Business History at Copenhagen Business School.

Reviews

Heide's prodigiously-researched book provides a comparative study of the development of punched-card technology and its application in the United States, England, France and Germany from the 1880s to the end of World War II. -- Larry Frohmann H-German, H-Net Reviews