List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Imperial Children and Empire Formation in the
Nineteenth Century
1. Birthing Empire: Economies of Childrearing and the Establishment
of American Colonialism in Hawai‘i
2. Playing with Fire: White Childhood and Environmental Legacies in
Nineteenth-Century Hawai‘i
3. Schooling Power: Teaching Anglo–Civic Duty in the Hawaiian
Islands, 1841–53
4. Cannibals in America: U.S. Acculturation and the Construction of
National Identity in Nineteenth-Century White Immigrants from the
Hawaiian Islands
5. Crossing the Pali: White Missionary Children, Bicultural
Identity, and the Racial Divide in Hawai‘i, 1820–98
Conclusion: White Hawaiians before the World
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Joy Schulz is a member of the history faculty at Metropolitan Community College in Omaha.
"A compelling and thought-provoking study of nineteenth-century
American missionary children in Hawai‘i—the generation that
orchestrated the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and annexation
to the United States. While the political story has been told, Joy
Schulz adds considerably to our understanding of the social
and cultural milieu of settler children who came to see the islands
of their birth as their birthright. Hawaiian By Birth underscores
the importance of family relations and generational difference to
understanding the complexities of American empire. Clearly and
concisely written, the book is well suited for classroom use."—Seth
Archer, Western Historical Quarterly
"A thoughtful treatment fusing the study of childhood with
imperialism."—Choice
"Both general reader and scholar will benefit from reading Schulz’s
excellent contribution to the study of 19th century Hawaiian
history and the role the children of white missionaries played in
shaping it."—Reading Religion
"Schulz's child-centric approach is methodologically invigorating,
and her interweaving of social and political events and trends with
interpersonal emotions and tensions is a valuable contribution. In
taking children seriously as historical figures, she gives them
agency while also providing a much fuller consideration of mission
colonialism in the Pacific. Hers is an engaging and persuasive
reminder to take the history of children and childhood seriously. .
. . Strong primary-source research and an engaging writing
style make this book a valuable contribution to scholars of
American relations with Hawai'i."—Emily J. Manktelow, Journal
of Pacific History
"In Hawaiian by Birth, Joy Schulz sheds new light on a remarkable
group of individuals: the children of the first Christian
missionaries in the Hawaiian Islands. Much has been written about
the missionaries (who radically transformed the islands in the
early to mid-1800s), but less has been written about their
children."—Clifford Putney, Journal of the History of
Childhood and Youth
"[Hawaiian by Birth] is a fascinating case study of
evangelical missionaries' interventions for what they saw as the
good of others. Through her meticulously researched book, Schulz
has contributed an illuminating account of 19th-century American
foreign appropriation set in train by Christian outreach in the
northern Pacific."—Patricia Grimshaw, Pacific Northwest
Quarterly
"Descendants of the many generations of native Hawaiians who have
been maltreated and disregarded over the past two centuries still
struggle to have their voices heard and their histories made known.
This book will hopefully go some way toward making all of us more
aware of what occurred on the Hawaiian Islands not so very long
ago, with political, economic, and social consequences extending
into the present day."—Jean Barman, American Historical
Review
"This book makes a valuable contribution to the history of U.S.
colonialism and the history of American missionaries, and is an
essential addition to scholarship on the history of Hawai‘i. It
breaks new ground by examining the childhood experiences of this
generation of Hawaiian-born whites and by applying theories of
childhood development to their history."—Lawrence
Kessler, Pacific Historical Review
“Hawaiian by Birth is a superb study at the dynamic intersection of
imperial, Hawaiian, cultural, and childhood histories. Joy
Schulz is a passionate writer, and her work is filled with
surprising implications for the history of nineteenth-century
Hawai‘i.”—David Igler, author of The Great Ocean: Pacific Worlds
from Captain Cook to the Gold Rush
“We understand that the normative, heterosexual family constitutes
the nation-state. This remarkable, innovative study reveals the
centrality of that family in ‘birthing empire’ through a history of
childhood. Race, gender, sexuality, class, and religion intersect
to advance U.S. imperialism in the Pacific and settler colonialism
in Hawai‘i.”—Gary Y. Okihiro, author of Island World: Hawai‘i and
the United States
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