Table of Contents

List of Contributors, vii

Preface, ix

Acknowledgments, x

Part One Ultrasound Vascular Imaging (UVI), 1

1 Basic Principles of Ultrasound Sonography, 3
Ana Maria Braz, Jaime Leal Pamplona and Joana N. Ramalho

2 Clinical Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging, 14
Ana Maria Braz, Maria Madalena Patricio, and Joana N. Ramalho

Clinical Vignette #1 – Occlusive dissection of the proximal primitive carotid artery with extension to the ICA, 29

3 Novel Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging, 33
Elsa Irene Azevedo and Pedro Miguel Castro

Clinical Vignette #1 – Indirect signs of carotid dissection, 60

Clinical Vignette #2 – A case of severe perfusion deficit and lack of cerebral vasoreactivity in spite of normal neurologic examination and cranial CT, 61

Part Two Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), 67

4 Basic Principles of Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), 69
Margareth Kimura and Mauricio Castillo

Clinical Vignette # 1 – Revascularization procedure evaluation by CTA, 81

5 Intracranial Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), 83
Isabel R. Fragata and Joana N. Ramalho

Clinical Vignette #1 – Acute stroke, 105

Clinical Vignette #2 – Acute intracerebral hematoma, 105

6 Extracranial Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), 110
Tiago Baptista and João Lopes Reis

Clinical Vignette #1 – Carotid stenosis, 118

Part Three Magnetic Resonance Vascular Imaging (MRV), 125

7 Basic Principles of Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF MRA) and MRV, 127
Hugo Alexandre Ferreira and Joana N. Ramalho

8 Basic Principles of Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography (PC MRA) and MRV, 137
Hugo Alexandre Ferreira and Joana N. Ramalho

9 Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF MRA) and MRV: Clinical Applications, 146
Mauricio Castillo, Juan Camilo Márquez, and Francisco José Medina

10 Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Angiography (PC MRA) and Flow Analysis: Clinical Applications, 161
Pedro Vilela

Clinical Vignette #1 – PC MRA, 171

11 Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): Fundamentals and Clinical Applications, 176
Khurram Javed and Mauricio Castillo

Clinical Vignette #1 – Internal carotid artery stenosis quantifi cation, 183

12 Intracranial Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), 1.5 T versus 3 T: Advantages and Disadvantages, 186
Sara Safder, Benjamin Huang, and Mauricio Castillo

Clinical Vignette #1 – Questionable middle cerebral artery stenosis, 192

13 Time-Resolved Techniques, Basic Principles, and Clinical Applications, 194
Nuno Almeida, David Silva Monteiro, and Daniela Seixas

Clinical Vignette # 1 – Occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM), 204

Part Four Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA), 207

14 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): Basic Principles, 209
Mauricio Castillo

Clinical Vignette #1 – Use of DSA in seizure patient, 219

15 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) in Clinical Practice, 221
Yueh Z. Lee and Mauricio Castillo

16 Advanced and Future Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Applications, 229
Pedro Vilela

Clinical Vignette #1 – Digital subtraction angiography, 247

Part Five Brain Perfusion Techniques: Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 255

17 Computed Tomography (CT) Perfusion: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications, 257
Joana N. Ramalho and Isabel R. Fragata

Clinical Vignette # 1 – Acute stroke, 272

18 Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced MRI Perfusion: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications, 275
Francisco José Medina, Mauricio Castillo, and Juan Camilo Márquez

19 Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) Perfusion: Basic Concepts, Artifacts, and Clinical Applications, 294
Debora Bertholdo and Mauricio Castillo

Part Six Plaque Imaging, 307

20 Imaging of Carotid Plaque, 309
Sangam G. Kanekar

Clinical Vignette #1 – Case examples, 332

Part Seven Intravascular Imaging, 345

21 Basic Concepts and Clinical Applications of Intravascular Imaging, 347
Hideki Kitahara, Peter J. Fitzgerald, Paul G. Yock, and Yasuhiro Honda

Clinical Vignette #1 – Right internal carotid artery stenosis and left internal carotid artery occlusion, 368

Part Eight Pediatric Vascular Imaging, 371

22 Pediatric Vascular Imaging Techniques and Clinical Applications, 373
Carla R. Conceição, Rita Lopes da Silva and Joana N. Ramalho

Clinical Vignette #1 – Use of CT and MRI in a pediatric patient, 401

Index, 405

About the Author

Joana Ramalho MD
Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central Portugal

Mauricio Castillo MD, FACR
Department of Neuroradiology. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill USA