Table of Contents

Preface xv 1 Petroleum and Petroleum Products 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Perspectives 2 1.3 Definitions 4 1.4 Petroleum Refining 14 1.5 Petroleum Products 16 References 23 2 Analytical Methods 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Chemical and Physical Analyses 27 2.3 Chromatographic Analyses 31 2.4 Spectroscopic Analyses 34 2.5 Molecular Weight 41 2.6 Instability and Incompatibility 42 2.7 The Future 43 References 44 3 Sampling and Measurement 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Sampling 49 3.3 Volume Measurement 51 3.4 Method Validation 52 3.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 54 3.6 Assay and Specifications 56 References 67 4 Gases 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Types of Gases 72 4.3 Sampling 77 4.4 Storage 77 4.5 Test Methods 78 References 83 5 Naphtha and Solvents 88 5.1 Introduction 88 5.2 Production and Properties 89 5.3 Test Methods 91 5.4 Storage 98 References 98 6 Gasoline 104 6.1 Introduction 104 6.2 Production and Properties 104 6.3 Volatility Requirements and Other Properties 106 6.4 Octane Rating 110 6.5 Additives 111 6.6 Test Methods 112 References 120 7 Aviation and Marine Fuels 126 7.1 Introduction 126 7.2 Production and Properties 126 7.3 Test Methods 127 References 136 8 Kerosene 141 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Production and Properties 141 8.3 Test Methods 143 References 150 9 Diesel Fuel 155 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Production and Properties 155 9.3 Test Methods 156 References 165 10 Distillate Fuel Oil 169 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Production and Properties 171 10.3 Test Methods 172 References 180 11 Residual Fuel Oil 186 11.1 Introduction 186 11.2 Production and Properties 186 11.3 Test Methods 187 References 201 12 White Oil 207 12.1 Introduction 207 12.2 Production and Properties 209 12.3 Test Methods 209 References 217 13 Lubricating Oil 222 13.1 Introduction 222 13.2 Production and Properties 222 13.3 Used Lubricating Oil 228 13.4 Test Methods 230 References 238 14 Grease 244 14.1 Introduction 244 14.2 Production and Properties 245 14.3 Test Methods 248 References 252 15 Wax 255 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Production and Properties 256 15.3 Test Methods 257 References 263 16 Residua and Asphalt 265 16.1 Introduction 265 16.2 Production and Properties 267 References 280 17 Coke, Carbon Black, and Graphite 285 17.1 Introduction 285 17.2 Production and Properties 286 17.3 Test Methods 290 References 294 18 Use of the Data 296 18.1 Introduction 296 18.2 Feedstock and Product Evaluation 297 18.3 Feedstock and Product Mapping 298 18.4 Structural Group Analyses 300 18.5 Epilogue 302 References 302 Appendix: Tables of ASTM Standard Test Methods for Petroleum and Petroleum Products 304 Conversion Factors 323 Glossary 324 Index 341

About the Author

James G. Speight, PhD has doctorate degrees in Chemistry, Geological Sciences, and Petroleum Engineering and is the author of more than 60 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, and environmental sciences. He has more than 40 years of experience in the process industries, is the author of numerous books and papers, is the senior editor of three journals, and has won numerous awards and distinctions.