Table of Contents

1 Introducing individual differences: From everyday to psychological questions:. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Personality: A commonsense idea. 1.3 Describing individuals. 1.4 Abnormality. 1.5 Intelligence, competition, and adaptation. 1.6 Predicting success. 1.7 Born different?. 1.8 Other abilities. 1.9 Variability and change: Motivation and mood states. 1.10 Creativity. 1.11 Leading the way. 1.12 Interests. 2 Personality, Part I:. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Overview and approaches. 2.3 Definition of personality traits. 2.4 History of personality. 2.5 Personality traits and states: Dispositional vs. situational approaches. 2.6 Eysenck's Gigantic Three and the biological basis of personality traits. 2.7 Self-report inventories. 2.8 The biological basis of personality. 2.9 Gray's personality theory. 2.10 Cattell's 16PF and the lexical hypothesis. 2.11 The Five-Factor Model (Big Five). 2.12 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 3 Personality, Part II: Validating personality traits:. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Testing personality theories. 3.2.1 Correlation. 3.2.2 Regression analysis. 3.2.3 Mediation, moderation, and structural equation modeling. 3.3 Personality and social behavior. 3.4 Personality and romantic relationships. 3.5 Personality and performance. 3.5.1 Personality and educational performance. 3.5.2 Personality and job performance. 3.6 Personality and health. 3.7 Personality and happiness. 3.8 Current developments outside the dispositional paradigm. 3.8.1 Psychoanalysis and personality theory. 3.8.2 Behaviorism and personality theory. 3.8.3 Phenomenological personality theories. 3.8.4 Social-cognitive theories of personality. 3.8.5 Biological approaches to personality theory. 3.8.6 Behavioral genetics. 3.8.7 Evolutionary and cultural approaches to the study of personality. 3.9 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 4 Psychopathology:. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Defining abnormality. 4.3 Historical roots of psychopathology. 4.4 Modern approaches to psychopathology. 4.4.1 Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theories. 4.4.2 Behaviorism. 4.4.3 Cognitive revolution. 4.4.4 Biological approaches. 4.5 Integrative approaches to psychopathology: The biopsychosocial model. 4.6 Diagnosis: Classifying psychological disorders. 4.7 Major psychological disorders. 4.7.1 Schizophrenia. 4.7.2 Affective disorders. 4.7.3 Anxiety disorders and obsessional states. 4.7.4 Eating disorders. 4.8 Criticisms of the diagnostic approach. 4.9 Dimensional view of psychopathology and personality disorders. 4.10 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 5 Intelligence, Part I:. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Defining intelligence. 5.2.1 Conceptualizing intelligence. 5.3 History of intelligence testing. 5.3.1 Galton's hereditary genius. 5.3.2 J. M. Cattell's mental test. 5.3.3 Binet and the origins of IQ testing. 5.3.4 Spearman's g factor of general intellectual ability. 5.3.5 Thurstone's "primary" mental abilities. 5.4 Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. 5.5 Genetic vs. environmental causes of intelligence. 5.6 Piaget and the developmental theory of cognitive ability. 5.7 The great debate: g vs. multiple abilities. 5.8 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 6 Intelligence, Part II: Validating intelligence - Correlates of IQ (causes and consequences):. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Wechsler's IQ scale. 6.3 Intelligence at school and university: Educational outcomes. 6.4 In the job: Occupational outcomes of intelligence. 6.5 Intelligence, longevity, and health. 6.6 Intelligence and social class. 6.7 Race and sex differences in IQ: Facts, controversies, and implications. 6.8 Sex differences in IQ. 6.9 Even more basic: Decomposing intelligence. 6.10 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 7 Behavioral genetics:. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Early foundations of behavior genetics. 7.3 DNA: Some background. 7.4 The power of genes: Recent evidence for the heritability of intelligence. 7.5 Intelligence and assortative mating. 7.6 The importance of the environment. 7.7 Biological effects on intelligence: Why do they increase across the lifespan?. 7.8 Genetic causes of personality traits. 7.9 Genetic basis of maladaptive behaviors. 7.10 Personality and intelligence: Interplay between environment and genes?. 7.11 Implications for upbringing and education. 7.12 Contradicting genetics: The Flynn effect. 7.13 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 8 Beyond IQ: Theories of hot intelligence:. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Streetwise rather than book-smart. 8.3 Early beginnings: Thorndike's social intelligence. 8.3.1 Defining social intelligence. 8.4 Theoretical importance of social intelligence. 8.5 Early problems. 8.6 Recent approaches: From multi-dimensionality to implicit theories. 8.7 Emotional intelligence. 8.8 Debate and controversy surrounding emotional intelligence. 8.9 Origins and measurement problems of EQ. 8.10 Trait emotional intelligence: Emotional self-efficacy. 8.11 Practical intelligence. 8.12 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 9 Mood and motivation:. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Beyond or underneath traits. 9.3 Defining motivation. 9.4 From biological reflexes to psychological self-realization. 9.4.1 Reflexes. 9.4.2 Instincts. 9.4.3 Drive theories. 9.4.4 Psychodynamic approaches to motivation. 9.4.5 Reinforcement: Motivation as learned associations. 9.4.6 Arousal theories. 9.4.7 Expectancy theories. 9.4.8 Goal setting. 9.4.9 Maslow's hierarchy of motives. 9.4.10 Alderfer's ERG theory. 9.4.11 Herzberg's two-factor theory. 9.4.12 McClelland's acquired needs theory. 9.4.13 Two-process theories. 9.5 Mood states. 9.6 Structure of mood. 9.7 Situational determinants of mood. 9.8 Dispositional influences on mood states. 9.9 Integrative and recent approaches to mood states. 9.10 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 10 Creativity:. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Definitions and conceptualizations of creativity. 10.3 Creativity across different psychological paradigms. 10.4 Differential approaches to creativity. 10.5 Creativity and intelligence. 10.5.1 Creativity as a form of intelligence. 10.5.2 Intelligence as a form of creativity. 10.5.3 Creativity and intelligence as identical constructs. 10.5.4 Creativity and intelligence as unrelated constructs. 10.5.5 Creativity and intelligence as overlapping (related) constructs. 10.6 Creativity and personality traits. 10.6.1 Creativity in abnormal behavior (psychopathology). 10.6.2 Creativity in normal behavior (the Big Five). 10.7 Testing creativity. 10.8 Creativity in different fields (from arts to science). 10.9 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 11 Leadership:. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Approaches to leadership. 11.2.1 Early foundations of leadership: Freud's group psychology. 11.2.2 Trait approaches to leadership: The Great Man theory. 11.2.3 From attributes to attributions: Leadership as a perceived construct. 11.2.4 Trait approach: Survival and revival. 11.2.5 Criticism of the trait approach. 11.3 Behavioral approaches: Leadership styles. 11.3.1 Charismatic leadership. 11.3.2 Transformational leadership: Leaders as mentors. 11.3.3 Personality of transformational leaders. 11.3.4 Transactional leadership: Controlling rather than inspiring. 11.4 Leadership and gender. 11.5 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. 12 Vocational interests:. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Approaches to vocational interests. 12.3 Linking theory and practice. 12.4 Stability of interests: Evidence for dispositional nature. 12.5 Gender differences in vocational interests. 12.6 Person-environment fit. 12.7 Holland's RIASEC typology. 12.8 Prediger's three-factor model. 12.9 Holland and the Big Five. 12.10 Circumscription and compromise: Gottfredson's theory. 12.11 Trait complexes and interests. 12.12 Summary and conclusions. Key readings. Glossary of Key Terms. Bibliography. Index

About the Author

Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic is a lecturer in psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London. He has published more than 30 scientific papers on personality and intelligence. His first book, Personality and Intellectual Competence, co-authored with Adrian Furnham, was published in 2005.

Reviews

"Unlike many other individual different texts, [this book] does not concentrate solely on personality and intelligence, but includes chapters on behavioural genetics, 'hot intelligence', mood and motivation, creativity, leadership, and vocational interests... The book is well written and in a style suitable for A-level and first-year graduates." (Psychology Learning and Teaching, Autumn 2008) "A good textbook with in-depth discussions of current issues in personality and individual differences." (Times)