Introduction xvii
Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction to “Mobility” 1
Mobility Market 2
Consumption Trends 5
Mobile Challenges 9
Summary 11
Endnotes 12
Chapter 2 Internet “Sessions” 13
The Internet and Communication 13
Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 14
IP over Everything, Everything over IP 15
Addresses 16
IPv4 Addresses 16
IPv6 Addresses 18
Routing 19
Routers 19
Routing Protocols 20
Broadcast 20
IP Multicast 20
Network Address Translation 21
TCP/IP Five-Layer Model 21
Layer 1: The Physical Layer 23
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 23
Ethernet 23
ARP 24
Layer 3: The Internet or IP Layer 24
Layer 4: The Transport Layer 24
UDP 25
TCP 25
Layer 5: The Application Layer 27
Socket API 27
DNS 28
DHCP 29
HTTP 29
Sessions and Mobility 30
Session Persistence and the Locator-Identifier Problem 30
Building the Mobile Internet 31
Summary 32
Endnotes 32
Part II Mobility Approaches
Chapter 3 Nomadicity 35
Authentication and Authorization 36
Authentication and Authorization in LTE 36
Authentication and Authorization in Wi-Fi Networks 39
Captive Portals 39
802.1X and EAP 39
Authentication and Authorization for Internet Applications 41
Federated Identity 41
Federated Access in LTE 43
3GPP Access 43
Non-3GPP Access 43
Federated Access to Wi-Fi Networks 43
Roaming to Other Wi-Fi Networks 44
802.11u 45
Example of Wi-Fi Roaming: eduroam 45
Federated Access to Applications with SAML 48
Location Information and Context Awareness 49
Location Information in LTE 49
Location Information for Wi-Fi Networks 50
Privacy and Security 50
Privacy and Security in LTE 51
Privacy and Security in Wi-Fi Networks 51
Privacy and Security in SAML 51
DynDNS 52
Summary 52
Endnotes 53
Chapter 4 Data Link Layer Mobility 55
Mobility Across an Ethernet-Bridged Domain 56
Interaction Between Mobility and Dynamic IP Address Allocation 57
Mobility Using Wireless LAN Technology 58
Fast Wireless LAN Local Mobility 59
Wireless LANs and Mobility Across a Layer 3 Domain 62
Interwireless LAN Controller Mobility 64
GPRS Tunneling Protocol 68
GPRS Tunneling Protocol 70
3GPP Mobility Using GTP 73
Access Point Name 73
PDP Context Activation 74
Mobility and Context Transfer 76
Proxy Mobile IPv6-Based Mobility 77
IETF Network-Based Mobility 78
WiMAX Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 79
WiMAX Session Establishment 81
PMIPv6-Based WiMAX Session Mobility 82
PMIPv6-Based Session Termination 84
3GPP Mobility Using Proxy Mobile IP 84
Delivering Equivalent GTP Functions with PMIPv6 85
Intertechnology Handover 86
Data Link Layer Solutions to Providing Mobility Across Heterogeneous
Access Networks 87
3GPP Generic Access Network 87
Host Impacts of Data Link Layer Mobility 89
Summary 90
Endnotes 91
Chapter 5 Network Layer Mobility 93
Mobile IPv4 96
Mobile IPv4 Technology Overview 97
Network-Specific Terms 97
Network Element—Specific Terms 98
Addressing-Specific Terms 99
Mobile IPv4 Operation 100
Mobile IPv4 Agent Discovery 101
Agent Advertisements 101
Agent Solicitations 102
Mobile IPv4 Registration and AAA 103
Mobile IPv4 Registration 103
RRQ and RRP Messages 105
Authentication Extensions 108
Mobile IPv4 AAA Interactions 109
RADIUS Interactions 111
Diameter Applications 112
Mobile IPv4 Tunnels, Bindings, and Datagram Forwarding 114
Tunneling and Reverse Tunneling 115
Mobile IPv4 and Layer 2 Interactions 117
Mobile IPv4 in Practice 119
3GPP2 Implementation of Mobile IPv4 119
Mobile IPv6 Technology Overview 122
Mobile IPv6 Operation 123
Bidirectional Tunneling Mode 123
Route Optimization Mode 124
Mobile IPv6 Messages and Message Formats 126
Dynamic Home Agent Discovery 130
Mobile IPv6 Bootstrapping 131
RADIUS Support for Mobile IPv6 131
Diameter Support for Mobile IPv6 134
Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol 134
Mobile IPv6 in Practice 135
WiMAX Forum NWG Implementation of Mobile IPv6 136
Dual-Stack Mobile IP 140
Mobile IPv4 Extensions to Support IPv6 141
Mobile IPv6 Extensions to Support IPv4 142
MOBIKE Technology Overview 143
IKEv2 Terminology and Processes 144
IKEv2 IKE_SA_INIT 145
IKEv2 IKE_AUTH 146
IKEv2 Message Formats 148
MOBIKE Protocol 150
MOBIKE Call Flows 151
Connectivity Discovery 152
Network Address Translation (NAT) Traversal 153
Authentication and Accounting 154
MOBIKE in Practice 155
Security Architecture for Non-3GPP Access to Evolved Packet System (EPS) 156
Summary 159
Endnotes 160
Chapter 6 Transport/Session Layer Mobility 161
Lower-Layer Mobility Implications to the Transport Layer 162
Solving Mobility Above the Network Layer 165
SCTP 166
SCTP Functional Overview 167
SCTP States 168
Initiation 168
Data Transfer 169
Shutdown 173
SCTP Messages 173
Message Format 173
Chunk Types 174
SCTP Extensions 176
Multipath TCP 179
Resource Pooling Principle 180
MPTCP Functional Architecture 181
Path Management 184
MPTCP Application Impacts 185
MPTCP for Mobility 185
MSOCKS: An Architecture for Transport Layer Mobility 186
TLM Protocol 187
MSOCKS Summary 189
Other Transport Layer Mobility Approaches 189
Migrate Internet Project 190
Migratory TCP 190
Session Layer Mobility Approaches 191
Summary 193
Endnotes 194
Chapter 7 Application Mobility 195
User-Centric Mobility 195
Application Mobility Using the Domain Name System 197
Applicability of DDNS to Interdevice and Intradevice Mobility 198
Application Mobility Using the Session Initiation Protocol 199
SIP and Capabilities 199
SIP Methods 200
SIP Message Format 201
SIP Request and Status Lines 201
SIP Header Fields 202
SIP Message Body 203
Basic SIP Mobility 204
SIP Registration 204
SIP Authentication 205
SIP Rendezvous Service 207
SIP UA Mobility Example 208
SIP Session Mobility 210
SIP REFER-Based Session Mobility 210
3PCC-Based Basic Session Mobility 212
3PCC-Based Enhanced Session Mobility 213
Other Application Aspects for Supporting Mobility 214
Summary 215
Endnotes 216
Chapter 8 Locator-Identifier Separation 219
Approaches to Locator-Identifier Separation 221
HIP 222
Benefits and Challenges 224
Locator-Identifier Separation Protocol — Mobile Node (LISP-MN) 225
LISP 225
LISP-MN 227
Benefits and Challenges 228
NAT66 229
Benefits and Challenges 230
Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) 231
Benefits and Challenges 232
Summary 232
Parting Thoughts 232
Endnotes 233
TOC, 9781587142437, 1/5/2011
Mark Grayson is a distinguished consulting engineer at Cisco Systems with responsibility for leading Cisco’s mobile architecture strategy. He has over 20 years of experience in the wireless industry, ranging from the development of military systems, the definition of satellite communication architectures, and the evolution of traditional cellular systems to the creation of the latest small-cell solutions. He holds a first class honors degree in electronics and communications engineering from the University of Birmingham (England) together with a Ph.D. in radio communications. Mark has been granted over 50 patents in the area of mobile communications and is the coauthor of IP Design for Mobile Networks (Cisco Press).
You can contact Mark Grayson at mgrayson@cisco.com.
Kevin Shatzkamer is a distinguished systems architect at Cisco Systems with responsibility for long-term strategy and architectural evolution of mobile wireless networks. He has worked at Cisco and in the mobile wireless industry for over 10 years, focusing on various technologies that include 3G and LTE networks, packet gateways, network-based services and security, video distribution, quality of service, and end-to-end design theory. Kevin holds four issued patents and has 16 pending patents related to all areas of work. Kevin holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree from the University of Florida and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University.
Kevin Shatzkamer is a regular speaker at various trade shows and industry forums and has previously published IP Design for Mobile Networks, a Cisco Press book that discusses the technologies and requirements shaping the future of the mobile Internet, from RAN to services. Kevin’s current area of focus is the end-to-end digital media value chain for mobility, working with both content providers and service providers to create unique mobile media service offerings.
You can contact Kevin Shatzkamer at kshatzka@cisco.com.
Klaas Wierenga is a senior consulting engineer in the office of the CTO at Cisco. His 15-plus years of experience include the planning, analysis, and design of numerous solutions for enterprises, municipalities, hospitals, and universities in the fields of mobility, security, and identity worldwide. Klaas is the original creator of the worldwide eduroam service for federated network access in academia and cocreator of the federated identity solution that forms the basis of the Dutch government’s e-Identity portfolio. He is the author of numerous publications and has presented many times on wireless networking, security, and identity topics. Klaas is active within 3GPP, in the group responsible for the security architecture of future mobile networks. He serves as chairman of the Abfab Working Group in the IETF, which deals with federated access for non-web applications, as well as of the Task Force on Mobility and Network Middleware of TERENA, the European Association for Research and Education Networks. Klaas holds a master’s degree in computer science from the University of Groningen (The Netherlands).
You can contact Klaas Wierenga at klaas@cisco.com.
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