Table of Contents

Editorial – The Science of Citizen Science Evolves.- Chapter 1: What Is Citizen Science? The Challenges of Definition.- Chapter 2: Citizen Science in Europe.- Part I: Citizen Science as Science.- Chapter 3: Science as a Commons: Improving the Governance of Knowledge through Citizen Science.- Chapter 4: Citizen Science in the Natural Sciences.- Chapter 5: Citizen Humanities.- Chapter 6: Citizen Social Science: New and Established Approaches to Participation in Social Research.- Chapter 7: Data Quality in Citizen Science.- Chapter 8: A Conceptual Model for Participants and Activities in Citizen Science Projects.- Chapter 9: Machine Learning in Citizen Science: Promises and Implications.- Chapter 10: Participation and Co-creation in Citizen Science.- Chapter 11: Citizen Science, Health, and Environmental Justice.- Part II: Citizen Science in Society.- Chapter 12: Participants in Citizen Science.- Chapter 13: Inclusiveness and Diversity in Citizen Science.- Chapter 14: Learning in Citizen Science Chapter.- Chapter 15: Citizen Science Case Studies and Their Impacts on Social Innovation.- Chapter 16: Science as a Lever: The Roles and Power of Civil Society Organisations in Citizen Science.- Chapter 17: Citizen Science and Policy.- Chapter 18: Creating Positive Environmental Impact through Citizen Science.- Chapter 19: Ethical Challenges and Dynamic Informed Consent.- Part III: Citizen Science in Practice.- Chapter 20: Finding What You Need: A Guide to Citizen Science Guidelines.- Chapter 21: Citizen Science Platforms.- Chapter 22: Citizen Science in the Digital World of Apps.- Chapter 23: Communication and Dissemination in Citizen Science.- Chapter 24: Evaluation in Citizen Science: The Art of Tracing a Moving Target Part IV: Conclusions / Lessons Learnt.- Chapter 25: The Recent Past and Possible Futures of Citizen Science: Final Remarks. 

About the Author

Katrin Vohland supports and investigates knowledge exchange between science, policy, and different publics mainly in the area of biodiversity. She chairs the COST Action CA15212 to explore the added value of citizen science. She was based at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research. Since June 2020 she is the Director General of the Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria.

Anne Land-Zandstra studies citizen science as a form of informal science education. Her research focuses on participant motivation and learning impact. She is a member of the Dutch Citizen Science Lab and is vice-chair of the COST Action CA15212. She is also an assistant professor at Leiden University.

Luigi Ceccaroni manages innovation and strategic research at Earthwatch, an independent research organisation based in Oxford, UK. He is co-vice-chair of the European Citizen Science Association.

Rob Lemmens works in the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University of Twente, with a research focus on semantic web technologies and the improvement of geo-crowdsourcing methods.

Josep Perelló is the leader of the OpenSystems Research Group and the coordinator of the CoAct EU research project. His research is focused on citizen social science and more particularly on public experimentation on a wide variety of social issues related to human collective behaviour in the field of computational social science.

Marisa Ponti works in the Department of Applied Information Technology at the University of Gothenburg. Her current research focuses on machine–human cooperation to advance collective knowledge for scientific activities and to solve social problems.

Roeland Samson is professor at the University of Antwerp. His research focuses on urban air pollution monitoring, ecosystemservices of urban green spaces, urban biodiversity, and the link between air pollution and health. He initiated and coordinated AIRbezen (strawbAIRies), and was involved in Curieuzeneuzen, both citizen science campaigns on air quality monitoring.

Katherin Wagenknecht coordinates the EU-Citizen.Science project. With a background in sociology and cultural anthropology her research focus is on participatory research practice and urban space. She was based at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Research.