Table of Contents

Foreword ... v Preface ... vii Contributors ... ix section i Introduction Chapter 1 Sexual Health: Expanding Our Frame for Action ... 3 Kevin A. Fenton Chapter 2 Historical Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections... 10 James S. Bingham section ii Epidemiology - Christopher Fairley Chapter 3 Global Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 27 Ivonne Camaroni . Igor Toskin . Francis Ndowa . Antonio Carlos Gerbase Chapter 4 Global Epidemiology of HIV Infection ... 44 Hammad Ali . Joanne Micallef . Basil Donovan Chapter 5 Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 57 Kaye Wellings Chapter 6 Surveillance for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV ... 64 Rebecca Guy Chapter 7 Epidemiological Interactions between HIV-1 and other STI: A Complex, Continuing Narrative ... 74 Brian P. Mulhall section iii Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV - Christopher Fairley Chapter 8 Prevention Strategies for the Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 91 Johannes van Dam Chapter 9 Behavioral and Counseling Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections (Including HIV) ... 99 Michael W. Ross . Lena Nilsson Schonnesson Chapter 10 Role of Behavioral Interventions in Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV ... 106 Devinder Mohan Th appa . Amiya Kumar Nath Chapter 11 Condoms and Other Barrier Methods of STI and HIV Prevention ... 117 Richard A. Crosby . Seth Noar . Sara Head . Elizabeth Webb Chapter 12 Prevention of HIV and other Sexually Transmitted Infections: Male Circumcision ... 134 Natasha L. Larke . Helen A. Weiss Chapter 13 Microbicides for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 139 G.P. Talwar . Kavita B. Garg Chapter 14 Information and Communication Technologies to Support HIV and STI Care in Developing Countries ... 150 Walter H. Curioso . Magaly Blas . Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz . Freddy Canchihuaman . Patricia J. Garcia Chapter 15 Vaccines for Sexually Transmissible Infections ... 161 Anna McNulty Chapter 16 Vaccines for HIV ... 169 Stephen J. Kent . Amy Sexton . Ivan Stratov . Robert De Rose Chapter 17 Partner Notifi cation for Sexually Transmitted Diseases ... 177 Matthew Hogben . Rachel Kachur . Molly Dowling . Lauren Green section iv Public Health Aspects of STI Control - Graham Neilsen Chapter 18 Implementation of STI Programs ... 203 Gabriela Paz-Bailey . Jerry Owen Jacobson Chapter 19 Integrating STI Prevention, Care, and Treatment with Other Sexual and Reproductive Health Services ... 220 Kathryn Church Chapter 20 Monitoring and Evaluating Sexually Transmitted Infection Control Programs ... 234 Shanthi Noriega Minichiello . Timothy Ryan . Jerry Owen Jacobson . Gabriela Paz-Bailey section v Basic and Laboratory Sciences - Jonathan Ross Chapter 21 Anatomy of the Male Genital Tract ... 249 Ashini Jayasuriya . Madhur Gupta Chapter 22 Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract ... 257 Ashini Jayasuriya . Madhur Gupta Chapter 23 Normal Genital Flora ... 264 Frances E. Keane Chapter 24 History and Physical Examination ... 269 Keith Radcliff e Chapter 25 Genital Mucosal Immunity Against Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 275 Satish K. Gupta . Manoj Modi . Nutan . Nachiket Shembekar . Shweta Malik . Suraj K. . Sanchita Chakravarty Chapter 26 Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 287 Krishna Ray Chapter 27 Rapid Tests for the Detection of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 321 Rosanna W. Peeling section vi Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections - Raj Patel Chapter 28 Genital Herpes Simplex Infections ... 335 Raj Patel . Sangeetha Sundaram . Bhushan Kumar Chapter 29 Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infection: Natural History, Epidemiology, and Vaccination ... 360 David Rowen . Paul Fox . Peter Goon Chapter 30 Anogenital Warts, Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and their Clinical Management ... 366 Paul Fox . David Rowen Chapter 31 Molluscum Contagiosum ... 374 Jyoti K. Dhar Chapter 32 Hepatitis Viruses ... 380 Gary Brook . Yogesh Chawla Chapter 33 Human Cytomegalovirus Infection ... 399 Krishna Ray . Manju Bala Chapter 34 Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ... 412 Raj Patel Chapter 35 Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus ... 418 Rebecca Robey . Mark Bower section vii Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - Jonathan Ross Chapter 36 Infectious Syphilis... 429 Patrick French . Somesh Gupta . Bhushan Kumar Chapter 37 Late Syphilis ... 458 Ashish Sukthankar . Anne M. Rompalo Chapter 38 Endemic Treponematoses ... 467 C. Balachandran . Sathish Pai B Chapter 39 Gonococcal Infections ... 473 Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy . Sujay Khandpur . Sunil Sethi . Magnus Unemo Chapter 40 Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections ... 494 Nicola Steedman Chapter 41 Lymphogranuloma Venereum ... 506 Henry JC de Vries . Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy . Sujay Khandpur Chapter 42 Chancroid ... 522 Soni Nanda . B. Viswanath Reddy . Bellum Shiva Nagi Reddy Chapter 43 Donovanosis... 533 Nigel O'Farrell Chapter 44 Bacterial Vaginosis ... 542 Phillip Hay . Verapol Chandeying Chapter 45 Pelvic Infl ammatory Disease ... 557 Jonathan D.C. Ross Chapter 46 Genital Mycoplasmas ... 569 Jorgen Skov Jensen Chapter 47 Sexually Transmitted Anorectal Infections and Enteric Bacterial Infections ... 578 Jason C.B. Goh . S. Joseph Winceslaus section viii Fungi, Protozoa, and Arthropods - Charlotte A. Gaydos Chapter 48 Genital Candidal Infections... 591 P. Janet Say Chapter 49 Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections ... 602 Barbara Van Der Pol Chapter 50 Intestinal Protozoa ... 610 Lara Stabinski . Mahesh Sharma . Vineet Ahuja Chapter 51 Scabies and Pediculosis Pubis ... 621 Peter Leone . T.V. Gopalkrishnan . V. Usha section ix Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes and their Management - Antonio Carlos Gerbase Chapter 52 Th e Syndromic Approach for the Management of STIs: An Overview ... 633 Ahmed S. Latif Chapter 53 Genital Ulcer-Adenopathy Syndrome ... 643 Francis Ndowa . Fatim Cham . Sibongile Dludlu Chapter 54 Urethral Discharge ... 652 Francis Ndowa . Sibongile Dludlu Chapter 55 Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis ... 658 Francis Ndowa . Sibongile Dludlu Chapter 56 Abnormal Vaginal Discharge: Syndromic Management ... 662 Verapol Chandeying . Nutthaporn Chandeying Chapter 57 Syndromic Management of Lower Abdominal Pain in Women ... 679 Ahmed S. Latif Chapter 58 Inguinal and Femoral Buboes ... 683 Somesh Gupta . Bhushan Kumar section x Genital Dermatology and Genital Pain Syndrome - Mikhail Gomberg Chapter 59 Balanitis and Balanoposthitis ... 691 Michael Waugh . Sunil Dogra Chapter 60 Non-venereal Penile Dermatoses ... 703 Christopher B. Bunker Chapter 61 Vulvar Dermatoses ... 728 Mohammed Sharaf . Jennifer Gloeckner Powers . Andrew T. Goldstein . Nellie Konnikov Chapter 62 Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome ... 744 Jorma Paavonen . Leila Unkila-Kallio . Paivi Tommola Chapter 63 Male Genital Pain Syndromes ... 747 G.A. Luzzi . D. Mandal section xi Sexually Transmitted Syndromes and Other Organ Systems - Jonathan Ross Chapter 64 Ocular Manifestations of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 759 Jyotirmay Biswas . Parthopratim Dutta Majumder . Sudharshan S. Chapter 65 Arthritis Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 768 Pradeep Bambery section xii HIV Infection and AIDS Part A HIV Infection: Biology, Laboratory Science, Clinical Pharmacology, and Therapeutics - Brian P. Mulhall Chapter 66 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus: Biology and Natural History of Infection ... 779 Sunil K. Arora . R.S. Paranjape . Srikanth Tripathy . Ajay Wanchu Chapter 67 HIV Diagnosis ... 795 Jessica Markby . Claire Ryan Chapter 68 Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Drugs ... 805 Tara McGinty . Patrick W.G. Mallon Chapter 69 Surrogate Markers of Antiretroviral Effi cacy ... 826 Julian H. Elliott . Johan Van Griensven . James McMahon . Lutgarde Lynen Chapter 70 First Decade of ARV in Africa: Overcoming Barriers to Providing ARV Th erapy in Resource-Limited Settings .. 831 Nathan Ford . Alexandra Calmy Chapter 71 Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV Prevention ... 836 Hubert Maruszak . Don Smith . Brian P. Mulhall Part B Clinical Presentations - Janak K. Maniar Chapter 72 Acute HIV Infection ... 843 Sabine Kinloch . Steven J. Reynold . Robert C. Bollinger Chapter 73 Opportunistic Infections ... 849 Hiten Th aker . A.V. Balaji Chapter 74 Mucocutaneous Manifestations of HIV ... 871 Yogesh Marfatia . Ranjan Rawal . Keyur Shah . Smriti Naswa Chapter 75 Pulmonary Manifestations of HIV Disease ... 894 Resham Vasani . Ratnakar Kamath . J.K. Maniar Chapter 76 Neurological Manifestations of HIV ... 910 Arun B. Shah . Ramshekhar Menon Chapter 77 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS... 927 Saroj K. Sinha . Rakesh Kochhar Chapter 78 Renal Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS ... 951 Frank Post . Rushi Deshpande Chapter 79 HIV and Endocrine Manifestations ... 960 Shiva Prakash . Ravinder Goswami Chapter 80 AIDS Associated Malignancies and Th eir Treatment ... 966 Mark Bower . David Shackleton . Justin Stebbing Chapter 81 Rheumatic Manifestations of HIV and AIDS ... 980 Vikram A. Londhey . Milind Y. Nadkar Chapter 82 Cardiac Involvement in HIV Infection/AIDS ... 988 Yash Paul Sharma . Rakesh Raman Patyar Chapter 83 Ocular Manifestations of HIV Infection and AIDS ... 993 Jyotirmay Biswas . Kaushal Bhavsar . Sudharshan S. Chapter 84 Sexually Transmitted Infections in HIV-Infected Patients ... 1003 V. Harindra Part C Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection in Special Groups - Brian P. Mulhall Chapter 85 Human Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection in Women ... 1016 Noreen A. Hynes . Jean Anderson . Adriana Andrade Chapter 86 HIV in Children ... 1025 J. Lucey . C. Foster . T. Puthanakit . J. Ziegler . P. Palasanthiran Chapter 87 HIV Infection in Homosexual Men ... 1037 Mark Bloch . Brian P. Mulhall . Charles Farthing . Richard Hillman Chapter 88 HIV in Blood and Blood Product Recipients ... 1050 Roger J. Garsia Chapter 89 HIV in Injection and Other Drug Users ... 1061 Jaimie P. Meyer . Frederick L. Altice section xiii Sexually Transmitted Infections in Special Groups of Populations - Mikhail Gomberg Chapter 90 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Pregnancy ... 1081 Sarla Malhotra Chapter 91 Sexually Transmitted Infections in Neonates and Infants ... 1095 P. Janet Say . Ravi Chandra Sharma Chapter 92 Congenital Syphilis ... 1103 Carlos Velasquez . Cristina Guerra-Giraldez . Lorenzo Giacani . Arturo Centurion-Lara . Patricia J. Garcia Chapter 93 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Infertility ... 1121 V.G. Padubidri . Sarla Malhotra Chapter 94 Aging, Sexual Behavior, and HIV/STI Risk ... 1129 Massimo Giuliani Chapter 95 Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Female Sex Worker Community ... 1136 Samarjit Jana . Geeta Sethi . D. Mandal Chapter 96 Sexually Transmitted Infections Associated with Sexual Assault ... 1146 P. Janet Say Chapter 97 Sexual Health of Migrant Populations ... 1153 Andy J. Williams . Beng T. Goh section xiv Human Sexuality, Sexual Orientation, and Special Issues - Darren Russell Chapter 98 Human Sexuality ... 1165 D. Narayana Reddy Chapter 99 Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and Sexual Orientation ... 1174 David Bradford Chapter 100 Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women who have Sex with Women ... 1179 Jeanne Marrazzo . Devika Singh Chapter 101 Sexually Transmitted Infections in Transgender ... 1188 Darren Russell Chapter 102 Sexual Abuse in Children ... 1192 Savita Malhotra . Nitin Gupta . Anindya Banerjee Chapter 103 Male Sexual Dysfunction ... 1203 Phillip Kell Chapter 104 Women's Sexual Dysfunction ... 1210 Verapol Chandeying Chapter 105 Sexuality Education for Young People ... 1221 Anne Mitchell . Jenny Walsh Chapter 106 Dhat Syndrome: A Culture-Bound Sex Related Disorder in Indian Subcontinent ... 1225 Ajit Avasthi . Sandeep Grover . Om Prakash Jhirwal section xv Miscellaneous - Charlotte A. Gaydos Chapter 107 Clinical Services for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV ... 1231 Joyce Jones . Emily Erbelding Chapter 108 Medicolegal Aspects of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Assault ... 1236 Margaret R. Hammerschlag Chapter 109 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Screening and Diagnostic Practices ... 1242 Charlotte A. Gaydos Chapter 110 Sexually Transmitted Infections Related Genital Neoplasias ... 1251 Suzanne M. Garland Chapter 111 HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Human Rights ... 1259 Chris Beyrer . Stefan D. Baral Chapter 112 Animal Models of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 1269 Roger G. Rank . Richard B. Pyles section xvi Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV - Basil Donovan Chapter 113 Guidelines for the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections ... 1299 Ahmed S. Latif . Charles Mutandwa Chapter 114 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV in Industrialized and Middle Income Countries- Adults, Adolescents, and Pediatric ... 1310 Saliya Hewagama . Jennifer Hoy Chapter 115 Guidelines for the Treatment of HIV and AIDS in Resource-Limited Countries ... 1328 Chris Duncombe . Deepti Suri Chapter 116 Guidelines for Prevention of Perinatal HIV Infection ... 1345 Surjit Singh . Deepti Suri Chapter 117 Guidelines for the Management of HIV-Associated Opportunistic Infections ... 1358 Phillip J. Read Index ... 1369