Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
Introduction to the nature of colloidal solutions 1
The forces involved in colloidal stability 4
Types of colloidal systems 5
The link between colloids and surfaces 6
Wetting properties and their industrial importance 8
Recommended resource books 10
Appendices 11
2 Surface Tension and Wetting 13
The equivalence of the force and energy description of surface
tension and surface energy 13
Derivation of the Laplace pressure equation 15
Methods for determining the surface tension of liquids 17
Capillary rise and the free energy analysis 21
The Kelvin equation 24
The surface energy and cohesion of solids 27
The contact angle 28
Industrial Report: Photographic-quality printing 33
Sample problems 35
Experiment 2.1: Rod in free surface (RIFS) method for the
measurement of the surface tension of liquids 37
Experiment 2.2: Contact angle measurements 42
3 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 47
Basic surface thermodynamics 47
Derivation of the Gibbs adsorption isotherm 49
Determination of surfactant adsorption densities 52
Industrial Report: Soil microstructure, permeability and
interparticle forces 54
Sample problems 55
Experiment 3.1: Adsorption of acetic acid on to activated charcoal
56
4 Surfactants and Self-assembly 61
Introduction to surfactants 61
Common properties of surfactant solutions 63
Thermodynamics of surfactant self-assembly 65
Self-assembled surfactant structures 68
Surfactants and detergency 70
Industrial Report: Colloid science in detergency 74
Sample problems 75
Experiment 4.1: Determination of micelle ionization 75
5 Emulsions and Microemulsions 79
The conditions required to form emulsions and microemulsions 79
Emulsion polymerization and the production of latex paints 81
Photographic emulsions 84
Emulsions in food science 85
Industrial Report: Colloid science in foods 85
Experiment 5.1: Determination of the phase behaviour of
microemulsions 87
Experiment 5.2: Determination of the phase behaviour of
concentrated surfactant solutions 90
6 Charged Colloids 93
The formation of charged colloids in water 93
The theory of the diffuse electrical double-layer 94
The Debye length 99
The surface charge density 101
The zeta potential 102
The Hückel equation 103
The Smoluchowski equation 106
Corrections to the Smoluchowski equation 108
The zeta potential and flocculation 110
The interaction between double-layers 112
The Derjaguin approximation 116
Industrial Report: The use of emulsions in coatings 117
Sample problems 119
Experiment 6.1: Zeta potential measurements at the silica/water
interface 120
7 Van der Waals forces and Colloid Stability 127
Historical development of van der Waals forces and the
Lennard-Jones potential 127
Dispersion forces 131
Retarded forces 132
Van der Waals forces between macroscopic bodies 133
Theory of the Hamaker constant 134
Use of Hamaker constants 140
The DLVO theory of colloid stability 140
Flocculation 142
Some notes on van der Waals forces 148
Industrial Report: Surface chemistry in water treatment 148
Sample problems 150
8 Bubble coalescence, Foams and Thin Surfactant Films 153
Thin-liquid-film stability and the effects of surfactants 153
Thin-film elasticity 156
Repulsive forces in thin liquid films 157
Froth flotation 158
The Langmuir trough 159
Langmuir–Blodgett films 166
Experiment 8.1: Flotation of powdered silica 168
Appendices 173
1 Useful Information 173
2 Mathematical Notes on the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation 175
3 Notes on Three-dimensional Differential Calculus and the
Fundamental Equations of Electrostatics 179
Index 181
Professor Richard M. Pashley and Dr Marilyn E. Karaman, Australian National University, Canberra.
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