Table of Contents

Introduction to Radiative Transfer

Importance of Thermal Radiation in Engineering

Thermal Energy Transfer

Thermal Radiative Transfer

Radiative Energy Exchange and Radiative Intensity

Characteristics of Emission

Radiative Energy Loss and Gain Along a Line-of-Sight

Radiative Transfer Equation

Radiative Transfer in Nonparticipating Enclosures

Definitions of Properties at Interfaces

Emissivity

Absorptivity

Reflectivity

Transmissivity at an Interface

Relations among Reflectivity, Absorptivity, Emissivity, and Transmissivity

Radiative Properties of Opaque Materials

Electromagnetic Wave Theory Predictions

Extensions of the Theory for Radiative Properties

Measured Properties of Real Dielectric Materials

Measured Properties of Metals

Selective and Directional Opaque Surfaces

Configuration Factors for Diffuse Surfaces with Uniform Radiosity

Radiative Transfer Equation for Surfaces Separated by a Transparent Medium

Geometric Configuration Factors between Two Surfaces

Methods for Determining Configuration Factors

Constraints on Configuration Factor Accuracy

Compilation of Known Configuration Factors and Their References—Appendix C and Web Catalog

Radiation Exchange in Enclosures Composed of Black and/or Diffuse-Gray Surfaces

Approximations and Restrictions for Analysis of Enclosures with Black and/or Diffuse-Gray Surfaces

Radiative Transfer for Black Surfaces

Radiation Between Finite Diffuse-Gray Areas

Radiation Analysis Using Infinitesimal Areas

Computer Programs for Enclosure Analysis

Exchange of Thermal Radiation among Nondiffuse Nongray Surfaces

Enclosure Theory for Diffuse Nongray Surfaces

Directional-Gray Surfaces

Surfaces with Directionally and Spectrally Dependent Properties

Radiation Exchange in Enclosures with Some Specularly Reflecting Surfaces

Net-Radiation Method in Enclosures Having Specular and Diffuse Reflecting Surfaces

Multiple Radiation Shields

Radiation Combined with Conduction and Convection at Boundaries

Energy Relations and Boundary Conditions

Radiation Transfer with Conduction Boundary Conditions

Radiation with Convection and Conduction

Numerical Solution Methods

Numerical Integration Methods for Use with Enclosure Equations

Numerical Formulations for Combined-Mode Energy Transfer

Numerical Solution Techniques

Monte Carlo Method

Inverse Problems in Radiative Heat Transfer

Introduction to Inverse Problems

General Inverse Solution Methods

Comparison of Methods for a Particular Problem

Application of Metaheuristic Methods

Unresolved Problems

Inverse Problems Involving Participating Media

Absorption and Emission in Participating Media

Spectral Lines and Bands for Absorption and Emission of Gases

Band Models and Correlations for Gas Absorption and Emission

Total Gas-Total Emittance Correlations

Mean Absorption Coefficients

True Absorption Coefficient

Radiative Properties of Translucent Liquids and Solids

Radiative Transfer Relations in Simple Systems

Energy Equation and Boundary Conditions for a Translucent Medium with Radiation

Radiative Transfer and Source Function Equations

Radiative Flux and its Divergence Within a Medium

Summary of Relations for Radiative transfer in Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Media

Net-Radiation Method for Enclosures Filled with an Isothermal Medium of Uniform Composition

Evaluation of Spectral Geometric-Mean Transmittance and Absorptance Factors

Mean Beam-Length Approximation for Spectral Radiation From an Entire Volume of a Medium to All or Part of its Boundary

Exchange of Total Radiation in an Enclosure by use of Mean Beam Length

Energy Transfer in Plane Layers and Multidimensional Geometries: Participating Media with and without Conduction

Equations for Radiative Intensity, Flux, Flux Divergence, and Source Function in a Plane Layer

Gray Plane Layer of Absorbing and Emitting Medium with Isotropic Scattering

Gray Plane Layer in Radiative Equilibrium

Radiation Combined with Conduction

Multidimensional Radiation in a Participating Gray Medium with Isotropic Scattering

Transient Solutions Including Conduction

Discussion of Solution Procedures

Optically Thin and Thick Limits for Radiative Transfer in Participating Media

Optically Thin and Cold Media

Optically Thick Medium: Radiative Diffusion

Approximations for Combined Radiation and Conduction

Approximate Solutions for Combined Radiation, Conduction, and Convection in a Boundary Layer

Use of Mean Absorption Coefficients

Curtis-Godson Approximation

Solution of Radiative Transfer in Participating Media

Differential Methods

Discrete Ordinates (SN) Method

Other Methods that Depend on Angular Discretization

Numerical Solution Methods for Combined Radiation, Conduction, and Convection in Participating Media

Finite-Difference Methods

Finite-Element Method (FEM)

Zonal Method

Monte Carlo Technique for Radiatively Participating Media

Numerical Boundary Conditions and Additional Solution Methods

Results for Combined Convection, Conduction, and Radiation

Benchmark Solutions for Computational Validation

Inverse Problems Involving Participating Media

Solution Using Commercially Available and Other Codes

Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

EM-Wave Equations

Wave Propagation in a Medium

Laws of Reflection and Refraction

Amplitude and Scattering Matrices

EM-Wave Theory and the Radiative Transfer Equation

Absorption and Scattering by Particles and Agglomerates

Absorption and Scattering: Definitions

Scattering by Large Spherical Particles

Scattering by Small Particles

Lorenz-Mie Theory for Spherical Particles

Prediction of Properties for Irregularly Shaped Particles

Approximate Anisotropic Scattering Phase Functions

Dependent Absorption and Scattering

Near-Field Thermal Radiation

Electromagnetic Treatment of Thermal Radiation and Basic Concepts

Evanescent and Surface Waves

Near-Field Radiative Heat Flux Calculations

Experimental Studies of Near-Field Thermal Radiation

Radiative Effects in Translucent Solids, Windows, and Coatings

Transmission, Absorption, and Reflection of Windows

Enclosure Analysis with Partially Transparent Windows

Effects of Coatings or Thin Films on Surfaces

Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in a Participating Medium

Multiple Participating Layers with Heat Conduction

Light Pipes and Fiber Optics

Appendix A: Conversion Factors, Radiation Constants, and Blackbody Functions

Appendix B: Radiative Properties

Appendix C: Catalog of Selected Configuration Factors

Appendix D: Exponential Integral Relations and Two-Dimensional Radiation Functions

Appendix E: List of References

Index

About the Author

John R. Howell is presently Research Professor at the University of Texas-Austin. He previously was a heat transfer researcher at the NASA Lewis Research Center, and a professor at the University of Houston. Dr. Howell served as Program Director of the Thermal Transport and Thermal Processing Program with the National Science Foundation from 1994-1995. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Science, as well as being a Fellow of ASME and AIAA. He has received numerous achievement awards. M. Pinar Menguc received his Ph.D from Purdue University and has been Engineering Alumni Association Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Kentucky. He has made significant contributions to the field of thermal radiation heat transfer, particularly in the areas of radiative transfer modeling in multidimensional geometries, inverse radiation problems, laser diagnostics in combustion systems, particle characterization, and nano-scale thermal transport including near-field radiation transfer.aDr. Menguc was elected as an Honorary Professor, ESPOL, Guayaquil, Ecuador and is a Fellow of both ASME and ICHMT. He presently serves as Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. Currently he is the Drector of Center for Energy, Environment and Economy at Ozyegin University in Istanbul, Turkey. Robert Siegel, Sc.D. is presently a heat transfer consultant. Prior to this he was a Senior Research Scientist at NASA Lewis Research Center, where he worked on heat transfer research for 44 years. Dr. Siegel is a Fellow of both ASME and AIAA. He has received numerous achievement awards, authored 185 technical papers, and taught graduate level courses as an adjunct professor at three universities.

Reviews

"The book is primarily a textbook with all the topics needed in a typical graduate-level course on thermal radiation. However, the subject is so well presented and comprehensive that it may also serve as an independent-reading reference for those interested in thermal radiation…"
—Heat Transfer Engineering, 2015