Table of Contents

I: Human Cytomegalovirus.- 1. History of Human Cytomegalovirus.- 1.1. Period of Cytopathology (1905-1956).- 1.2. Virological Period.- 2. Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus.- 2.1. Herpesviruses.- 2.2. Cytomegalovirus and Other Human Herpesviruses.- 2.3. The Structure of Cytomegalovirus.- 2.3.1. DNA of Human Cytomegalovirus.- 2.3.2. Virion and Dense Body Proteins and Glycoproteins.- 2.3.3. Defective Interfering Particles and Their DNA.- 2.4. Morphological Events of Replication.- 2.4.1. Early Antigens and Cytopathology.- 2.4.2. Nuclear Changes and Nucleocapsid Formation.- 2.4.3. Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Dense Bodies.- 2.5. Biochemical Events of Replication.- 2.5.1. Protein Synthesis.- 2.5.2. Stimulation of Cell DNA and RNA.- 2.5.3. Induction of Enzymes.- 2.5.4. Induction of Fc Receptors by Human Cytomegalovirus.- 2.6. Stability of Human Cytomegalovirus.- 2.6.1. Stability of Cytomegalovirus at Different Temperatures.- 2.6.2. Stability of Cytomegalovirus in Urine or Blood.- 3. Human Cytomegalovirus Infections in Cells and Tissues.- 3.1. Virological Diagnosis of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 3.1.1. Virological Diagnosis in the Presence of Antibody.- 3.2. Abortive or Persistent Infections in Partially Permissive Cells.- 3.2.1. Infections in Nonhuman Cells.- 3.2.2. Infection in Human Epithelial Cells.- 3.2.3. Persistent Infection in Human Cells.- 3.3. Human Cytomegalovirus and Oncogenic Transformation.- 3.4. Relationship of Human Cytomegalovirus to Cancer.- 4. Serologic Tests for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Complement-Fixation Test.- 4.2.1. The Nature of Complement-Fixation Antigen.- 4.2.2. The Nature of Complement-Fixation Antibody.- 4.2.3. Constancy of the Complement-Fixation Titer.- 4.2.4. The Complement-Fixation Test in Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 4.3. Neutralization Tests.- 4.4. Fluorescent Antibody Techniques.- 4.4.1. Immunoglobulin M Antibody Test.- 4.4.2. Immunoglobulin A in Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 4.4.3. Membrane Antigens.- 4.4.4. Early Antigen.- 4.4.5. Pre-Early Antigen Test.- 4.5. Platelet Agglutination Test for Cytomegalovirus Antibody.- 4.6. Indirect Hemagglutination Test.- 4.7. Immune Adherence Hemagglutination Assay.- 4.8. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.- 4.9. Radioimmunoassay.- 4.10. Detection of Antibodies by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis.- 4.11. Detection of Antibodies by Gel Precipitins.- 4.12. Cytolytic Antibody.- 4.13. Patterns of Serologic Responses to Human Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 5. Variants of Human Cytomegalovirus.- 5.1. Variants According to Neutralization Tests.- 5.2. Development of Specific Animal Antiserum.- 5.3. Variants According to Complement-Fixation Tests.- 5.4. Variants According to Kinetic Neutralization Tests.- 5.5. Heterogeneity of Individual Responses.- 5.6. Variants According to Immunodiffusion.- 5.7. Variants According to DNA Structure.- 6. Epidemiology of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Man.- 6.1. The Distribution of Human Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 6.1.1. Prevalence of Antibodies in the General Population.- 6.1.2. The Effect of Age.- 6.1.3. Frequency of Perinatal Infections.- 6.1.4. The Effect of HLA Type.- 6.1.5. Antibody and Latent Infection.- 6.2. The Mechanisms of Perinatal Transmission.- 6.2.1. Perinatal Transmission: Infected Cervix.- 6.2.2. Perinatal Transmission: Breast Milk.- 6.2.3. Perinatal Transmission: Other Factors.- 6.2.4. Transmission in Newborn Nursery.- 6.3. Cytomegalovirus Infection of the Uterine Cervix and in Pregnant Women.- 6.4. Venereal Transmission of Cytomegalovirus.- 6.4.1. Cytomegalovirus in Semen.- 6.5. Other Mechanisms of Transmission.- 6.6. Transmission of Cytomegalovirus by Blood.- 6.6.1. Prospective Studies of Cytomegalovirus Infections Transmitted by Blood.- 6.6.2. Attempts to Isolate Cytomegalovirus from Donors.- 6.6.3. Cytomegalovirus Infections Associated with Leucocyte Transfusions.- 7. Cell-Mediated Immunity to Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Tests for Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 7.2.1. Blastogenic Response of Lymphocytes to Human Cytomegalovirus.- 7.2.2. Cytotoxicity Tests of Lymphocytes against Human Cytomegalovirus.- 7.2.3. Interferon Response.- 7.2.4. Cytomegalovirus Strain and Source of Lymphocytes in Tests of Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 7.3. Patterns of Cell-Mediated Responses in Patient Groups.- 7.3.1. Response in Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis.- 7.3.2. Response in Transplant Patients.- 7.3.3. Response in Infants with Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infections and Their Mothers.- 8. Pathology of Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 8.1. Characteristic Cytologic Reaction.- 8.2. Pathology of Special Organs.- 8.3. Central Nervous System.- 8.3.1. Cytomegalovirus Infection of the Inner Ear.- 8.4. Placental Pathology in Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease.- 8.5. Immunopathology in Human Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 9. Congenital and Perinatal Human Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Congenital and Perinatal Infections.- 9.3. Frequency of Congenital Infection.- 9.3.1. Immunoglobulin M Studies in Pregnant Mothers.- 9.3.2. Congenital Infection and Time of Maternal Infection.- 9.3.3. Congenital Infection in Consecutive Pregnancies.- 9.4. Clinical Manifestations of Congenital Infections.- 9.4.1. Congenital Infection and the Central Nervous System.- 9.4.2. Congenital Infection and Fetal Development.- 9.4.3. Subtle Sequelae of Congenital Infections.- 9.5. Clinical Manifestations of Perinatal Infection.- 10. Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Mononucleosis Syndrome.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Clinical Aspects of Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis.- 10.2.1. Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis in Infants and Children.- 10.2.2. Posttransfusion Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis: Clinical Aspects.- 10.3. Laboratory Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis.- 10.3.1. Other Laboratory Findings in Cytomegalovirus Mononucleosis.- 10.4. Organ Systems Involved in Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 10.4.1. Blood Leucocytes and Lung.- 10.4.2. Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis.- 10.4.3. Hemolytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia.- 10.4.4. Myocarditis.- 10.4.5. The Nervous System in Acquired Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 10.4.6. The Gastrointestinal Tract.- 10.4.7. Conjunctivitis and Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 10.4.8. Skin Manifestations.- 10.4.9. Vasculitis.- 10.5. Syndrome in the Homosexual Male: Cytomegalovirus Infection, Pneumocystis Pneumonia and Kaposi's Sarcoma.- 11. Human Cytomegalovirus Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients.- 11.1. Cytomegalovirus Infection after Organ Transplantation.- 11.1.1. Sources of Virus in Primary Infection.- 11.2. Clinical Manifestations of Cytomegalovirus Infections in the Immunosuppressed.- 11.2.1. Primary and Reactivation Infections.- 11.2.2. Pneumonitis in the Immunosuppressed.- 11.2.3. Hepatitis in the Immunosuppressed.- 11.2.4. Retinitis in the Immunosuppressed.- 11.2.5. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Graft Rejection.- 11.2.6. Immunosuppressive Effect of Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 11.2.7. Late Onset of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Infection in Long-Term Follow-up.- 11.3. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Patients with Malignancies.- 11.3.1. Autopsy Studies.- 11.3.2. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Children with Malignancies.- 11.3.3. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Adults with Malignancies.- 11.3.4. Risk Factors for Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 11.3.5. Clinical Manifestations of Cytomegalovirus Infection.- 11.4. Cytomegalovirus Infection Associated with Miscellaneous Conditions.- 12. Treatment and Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 12.1. Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Infections.- 12.1.1. Interferon.- 12.1.2. Nucleoside Antivirals.- 12.1.3. Transfer Factor.- 12.1.4. Immune Globulin.- 12.2. Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection: Immunization.- 12.2.1. AD 169 Vaccine.- 12.2.2. Towne 125 Vaccine.- II: Cytomegaloviruses of Other Animals.- 13. Nonhuman Cytomegaloviruses.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. History of Nonhuman Cytomegaloviruses.- 13.3. Experimental Congenital Infection with Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus.- 14. Murine Cytomegalovirus.- 14.1. Infection with Murine Cytomegalovirus.- 14.1.1. Characteristics of Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in Mice.- 14.1.2. Characteristics of Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cell Culture.- 14.1.3. Attenuation of Murine Cytomegalovirus in Cell Culture.- 14.2. The Virus.- 14.2.1. DNA of Murine Cytomegalovirus.- 14.2.2. DNA Synthesis in Murine Cytomegalovirus Infected Cells.- 14.2.3. Murine Cytomegalovirus Structural Proteins.- 14.3. Genetic Determinants of Murine Infection.- 14.4. Latency of Murine Cytomegalovirus and its Activation.- 14.4.1. Allograft Reaction as Stimulus for Activation.- 14.5. The Immune Responses to Murine Cytomegalovirus.- 14.5.1. Responses of B Cells.- 14.5.2. Cell-Mediated Immunity.- 14.5.3. Immunosuppressive Activity of Murine Cytomegalovirus.- 14.6. Summary Comparison of Murine and Human Infections.- References.- Author Index.