Table of Contents

List of Features
How to Use This Guide
Paper 2 Exam Information
Essay-writing Advice
Chronology of Key Events in Italy: 1914-45
Who's Who in Italy
Map of the Kingdom of Italy in 1919

Overview
1. The Emergence of the Authoritarian State in Italy
1.1 Long-term Conditions That Gave Rise to an Authoritarian State
1.2 Medium and Short-term Conditions That Gave Rise to an Authoritarian State
1.2.1 The impact of the Intervention Crisis (1914-5)
1.2.2 The impact of the First World War on Italy (1915-18)
1.2.3 The Post-War Crisis (1918-22)
1.2.4 The advent of democracy and mass politics: an end to `trasformismo'
1.2.5 The `mutilated victory'
1.2.6 Economic crisis and social unrest
1.2.7 The Biennio Rosso (1919-20)
1.3 Long-Term and Medium-term Methods Used to Establish an Authoritarian State
1.3.1 Mussolini's political career up to 1918
1.3.2 Mussolini founds a left-wing Fascist movement (1919)
1.3.3 Mussolini moves Fascism to the right (1920-1)
1.3.4 Mussolini appointed prime minister (1922)
1.3.5 The March on Rome (October 1922)
1.4 Short-term Methods Used to Establish an Authoritarian State
1.4.1 From prime minister to Duce (1922-6)
1.4.2 The Matteotti Crisis (1924)
1.4.3 Constitutional rule or dictatorship? The question resolved (January 1925)
2. Maintenance of Power
2.1 Use of Force and Dealing with Opposition
2.1.1 The Communist Party
2.1.2 Justice and Liberty (Giustizia e Liberta)
2.2 Propaganda and Control of the Media
2.3 Foreign Policy
2.3.1 Italian cooperation with the international community
2.3.2 Opportunities for expansion in the 1930s
2.3.3 Initial suspicion of Hitler
2.3.4 Mussolini courts Britain and France: The Stresa Front (1935)
2.3.5 Mussolini's Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-6)
2.3.6 Mussolini's intervention in the Spanish Civil War
2.3.7 Closer relations with Nazi Germany (1936 onwards)
2.3.8 Growing Italian aggression (1939-43)
3. Aims and Results of Fascist Social Policies
3.1 The Corporate State
3.2 The Church
3.3 The Arts
3.4 Women
3.4.1 The Battle for Births
3.5 Youth
3.6 Education
3.7 Sport and Leisure
3.8 Race
4. Aims and Results of Fascist Economic Policies
4.1 Aims of Economic Policy
4.1.1 Laissez-faire (1922-5)
4.1.2 Protectionism and increasing state intervention
4.2 The Battle for Grain (1925)
4.3 The Battle for the Lira (1926)
4.4 Agriculture
4.4.1 Land reclamation
4.5 Tackling the Great Depression
4.5 Economic Successes and Failures
Essay-writing Activities: The Rise and Rule of the Italian Fascist Party
Bibliography

About the Author

Joe Gauci read Modern History at Lincoln College, Oxford and has taught History since 1984. He has taught IB History at Malvern College, UK, since 1995 where he oversees its academic life as Deputy Head. He has experience as an examiner and has been teaching revision to students from around the globe since 1996.