Section XV: Normal Anatomy of the Liver, Biliary Tract and
Pancreasm
Section XVI: Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Liver, Biliary
Tract and Pancreas, Including Hepatic and Pancreatic Tests
Section XVII: Diseases of the Liver
Section XVIII: Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
Section XIX: Diseases of the Pancreas
Supplement on New Aspects of Structure, Metabolism, and
Diagnosis
Supplement on Surgical Procedures
Frank H. Netter was born in New York City in 1906. He studied art
at the Art Students League and the National Academy of Design
before entering medical school at New York University, where he
received his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1931. During his student
years, Dr. Netter's notebook sketches attracted the attention of
the medical faculty and other physicians, allowing him to augment
his income by illustrating articles and textbooks. He continued
illustrating as a sideline after establishing a surgical practice
in 1933, but he ultimately opted to give up his practice in favor
of a full-time commitment to art. After service in the United
States Army during World War II, Dr. Netter began his long
collaboration with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company (now Novartis
Pharmaceuticals). This 45-year partnership resulted in the
production of the extraordinary collection of medical art so
familiar to physicians and other medical professionals worldwide.
Icon Learning Systems acquired the Netter Collection in July 2000
and continued to update Dr. Netter's original paintings and to add
newly commissioned paintings by artists trained in the style of Dr.
Netter. In 2005, Elsevier Inc. purchased the Netter Collection and
all publications from Icon Learning Systems. There are now over 50
publications featuring the art of Dr. Netter available through
Elsevier Inc.
Dr. Netter's works are among the finest examples of the use of
illustration in the teaching of medical concepts. The 13-book
Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations, which includes the
greater part of the more than 20,000 paintings created by Dr.
Netter, became and remains one of the most famous medical works
ever published. The Netter Atlas of Human Anatomy, first published
in 1989, presents the anatomic paintings from the Netter
Collection. Now translated into 16 languages, it is the anatomy
atlas of choice among medical and health professions students the
world over.
The Netter illustrations are appreciated not only for their
aesthetic qualities, but, more importantly, for their intellectual
content. As Dr. Netter wrote in 1949 "clarification of a subject is
the aim and goal of illustration. No matter how beautifully
painted, how delicately and subtly rendered a subject may be, it is
of little value as a medical illustration if it does not serve to
make clear some medical point.� Dr. Netter's planning, conception,
point of view, and approach are what inform his paintings and what
make them so intellectually valuable.
Frank H. Netter, MD, physician and artist, died in 1991.
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