Table of Contents

FOREWORD: BRET WALKER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION: THEODORE CELENKO EARLY AFRICAN CULTURES African Prehistory and Human Evolution: Kathy D. Schick, Nicholas Toth The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians: S.O.Y. Keita, A.J. Boyce Ancient Egyptian as an African Language, Egypt as an African Culture Christopher Ehret Saharan Rock Art Mohammed Sahnouni The Predynastic of Egypt: AfricaOs Prelude to Civilization Fekri A. Hassan Early African Cultures: An Afrocentric Perspective Molefi Kete Asante AFRICAN ORIGINS OF EGYPTIAN WRITING The Origins and Development of Ancient Nile Valley Writing Frank J. Yurco The Mesopotamian Influence on Ancient Egyptian Writing John Ray MOTHER AND CHILD FIGURES Mother and Child Figures in Africa Martha J. Ehrlich Mother and Child Imagery in Egypt and Its Influence on Christianity Frank J. Yurco HEADRESTS African Headrests Rebecca L. Green, Frank J. Yurco Depiction of Humans in African Art Theodore Celenko, Frank J. Yurco ANCESTOR WORSHIP AND DIVINE KINGSHIP Ancestor Worship and Divine Kingship in the Ancient Nile Valley Lanny Bell Ancestor Worship and Divine Kingship in Sub-Saharan Africa Chapurukha M. Kusimba ANIMAL DEITIES AND SYMBOLS Animal Deities and Symbols in Africa Chapurukha M. Kusimba, Frank J. Yurco The Beast of Kings: Male Lion Imagery and Kingship in the Ancient Nile Valley James F. Romano MASKING Masking in Sub-Saharan Africa Arthur P. Bourgeois The Case for Ceremonial Masking in Ancient Egypt Arlene Wolinski The Case Against Extensive Masking in Ancient Egypt Robert Steven Bianchi BODY ART Body Art in Africa: Painting, Tattooing, and Scarification Chike C. Aniakor Tattooing and Skin Painting in the Ancient Nile Valley Robert Steven Bianchi Scarification in the Nile Valley from Antiquity to the Present Timothy Kendall CIRCUMCISION AND MALE INITIATION Circumcision and Male Initiation in Africa Susan Baily NUBIA An Outline of Nubian History Peter Lacovara The Qustul Incense Burner and the Case for a Nubian Origin of Ancient Egyptian Kingship Bruce B. Williams Interaction between the Nubian A-Group and Predynastic Egypt: The Significance of the Qustul Incense Burner Joseph W. Wegner King Taharqa of Kuss Peggy Brooks-Bertram FACES of EGYPT The Diversity of Indigenous Africans S.O.Y. Keita The Physical Characteristics of Egyptians and Their Southern Neighbors: The Classical Evidence Frank M. Snowden, Jr. Two Tomb-Wall Painted Reliefs of Ramesses III and Sety I and Ancient Nile Valley Population Diversity Frank J. Yurco Are Africans African? Scholarship Over Rhetoric and Propaganda, Valid Discourse on Kemetic Origins Asa G. Hilliard III European Racism Regarding Ancient Egypt Molefi Kete Asante LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION EXHIBITION COMPONENTS

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Highlights similarities between the arts and culture of Ancient Egypt and those of other African peoples.