Table of Contents

Introduction to Requirements Engineering
Motivation
What is Requirements Engineering?
You Probably Don’t Do Enough Requirements Engineering
What are Requirements?
Requirements Versus Goals
Requirements Level Classification
Requirements Specifications Types
Domain Vocabulary Understanding
Requirements Engineering Activities
Requirements Elicitation/Discovery
Requirements Analysis and Reconciliation
Requirements Representation and Modeling
Requirements Validation
Requirements Management
The Requirements Engineer
Requirements Engineering Paradigms
Requirements Engineer as Software Engineer
Requirements Engineer as Subject Matter Expert
Requirements Engineer as Architect
Requirements Engineer as Business Process Expert
Ignorance as Virtue
Role of the Customer?
Problems with Traditional Requirements Engineering
Complexity
Four Dark Corners (Zave and Jackson)
Difficulties in Enveloping System Behavior
The Danger of All in Specifications

Mission Statement, Customers, and Stakeholders
Mission Statements
Encounter with a Customer?
Stakeholders
Negative Stakeholders
Stakeholder Identification
Customer Wants and Needs
What Do Customers Want?
What Don’t Customers Want?
Why Do Customers Change Their Minds?
Stakeholder Prioritization
Communicating with Customers and Other Stakeholders
Managing Expectations
Stakeholder Negotiations

Requirements Elicitation
Introduction
Elicitation Techniques Survey
Brainstorming
Card Sorting
Designer as Apprentice
Domain Analysis
Ethnographic Observation
Goal-based Approaches
Group Work
Interviews
Introspection
Joint Application Design (JAD)
Laddering
Protocol Analysis
Prototyping
Quality Function Deployment
Questionnaires
Repertory Grids
Scenarios
Task Analysis
User Stories
Viewpoints
Workshops

Elicitation Summary
Which Combination of Requirements Elicitation Techniques Should Be Used?
Prevalence of Requirements Elicitation Techniques

Elicitation Support Technologies
Using Wikis for Requirements Elicitation
Mobile Technologies
Content Analysis

Writing the Requirements Document
Requirements Representation Approaches
IEEE Standard 830-199871
IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing
Non-Functional Requirements
IEEE Standard 830 Recommendations on Representing
Functional Requirements
ISO/IEC Standard 2503076
Use Cases
Behavioral Specifications
The Requirements Document
Users of a Requirements Document
Requirements Document Requirements
Best Practices and Recommendations

Requirements Risk Management
What is Requirements Risk Management?
Requirements Validation and Verification
Techniques for Requirements V&V
The Requirements Validation Matrix
The Importance of Measurement in Requirements Verification and Validation
Standards for Verification and Validation
IEEE Standard 83096
NASA Requirements Testing
NASA ARM Tool
Imperatives
Continuances
Directives
Options
Weak Phrases

Formal Methods
Motivation
What are Formal Methods?
A Little History
Using Formal Methods
Formal Methods Types
Examples
Formalization of Train Station in B
Formalization of Space Shuttle Flight Software Using MurF
Formalization of an Energy Management System Using Category Theory
Requirements Validation
Theorem Proving
Model Checking
Objections, Myths, and Limitations
Objections and Myths
Limitations of Formal Methods
Final Advice

Requirements Specification and Agile Methodologies
Introduction to Agile Methodologies
Principles Behind the Agile Manifesto
Extreme Programming (XP)
Scrum
Requirements Engineering for Agile Methodologies
General Practices in Agile Methodologies
Agile Requirements Best Practices
Requirements Engineering in XP
Requirements Engineering in Scrum
Writing User Stories
Agile Requirements Engineering
Challenges for Requirements Engineering in Agile Methodologies

Tool Support for Requirements Engineering
Introduction
Traceability Support
Commercial Requirements Engineering Tools
DOORS
Rational RequisitePro
Requirements and Traceability Management
CaliberRM
QFD/Capture
Open Source Requirements Engineering Tools
FreeMind
Open Source Requirements Management Tool (OSRMT)
FitNesse
Requirements Engineering Tool Best Practices

Requirements Management
Requirements Management
Managing Divergent Agendas
Expectation Revisited: Pascal’s Wager
Global Requirements Management
Antipatterns in Requirements Management
Environmental Antipatterns
Management Antipatterns
Other Paradigms for Requirements Management
Requirements Management and Improvisational Comedy
Requirements Management as Scriptwriting
Reference Models for Requirements Management
ISO 9000-3 (1997)
Six Sigma
Capability Maturity Model (CMMI)
IEEE 830
IEEE 12207(2002)
ISO/IEC 25030
A Case Study: FBI Virtual Case File

Value Engineering of Requirements
What, Why, When, and How of Value Engineering?
What is Value Engineering?
When Does Value Engineering Occur?
Estimating Using COCOMO and its Derivatives
COCOMO
WEBMO
COSYSMO
Estimating Using Function Points
Function Point Cost Drivers
Feature Points
Use Case Points
Requirements Feature Cost Justification
Return on Investment
Net Present Value
Internal Rate of Return
Profitability Index
Payback Period
Discounted Payback Period

Appendix: Software Requirements Specification for a Smart Home, Version 2.0

Glossary

Index

About the Author

Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, USA The Pennsylvania State University, Malvern, USA

Reviews

Based on a Penn State course taught by the author, this text provides a review of the theoretical and practical aspects of discovering, analyzing, modeling, validating, testing, and writing requirements for systems of all kinds, particularly software-intensive systems. Incorporating a variety of formal methods, social models, and modern requirements writing techniques useful to practicing engineers, the text is suitable for professional software engineers, systems engineers, and senior undergraduate and graduate students in these fields. --Book News Inc., 2009