Introduction
Part I Understanding VPN Technology
Chapter 1 What Is a Virtual Private Network?
VPN Devices
VPN Technologies and Protocols
Modeling and Characterizing VPNs
Deploying Site-to-Site and Remote Access VPNs: A Comparison
Summary
Review Questions
Part II Site-to-Site VPNs
Chapter 2 Designing and Deploying L2TPv3-Based Layer 2 VPNs
Benefits and Drawbacks of L2TPv3-Based L2VPNs
L2TPv3 Pseudowire Operation
L2TPv3 Deployment Models
L2TPv3 Message Types
The L2TPv3 Control Connection
Configuring and Verifying L2TPv3 Pseudowires
Deploying L2TPv3 Pseudowires with Dynamic Session Setup
Implementing L2TPv3 Pseudowire-Based L2VPNs Using Static Session Configuration
L2VPN Interworking with L2TPv3
Transporting IPv6 over an IPv4 Backbone Using IPv6 Protocol Demultiplexing
Provisioning Quality of Service for L2TPv3 Pseudowires
Avoiding Packet Fragmentation and Packet Drops with L2TPv3 Pseudowires
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 3 Designing and Implementing AToM-Based Layer 2 VPNs
Benefits and Drawbacks of AToM-Based L2VPNs
AToM Pseudowire Operation
Control Channel Messages
AToM Data Channel Packet Forwarding
Deploying AToM Pseudowires
Implementing AToM Pseudowires for Ethernet Traffic Transport
Deploying AToM Pseudowires for HDLC and PPP Traffic Transport
Frame Relay Traffic Transport with AToM Pseudowires
Using AToM Pseudowires to Transport ATM Traffic
Implementing Advanced AToM Features
Deploying AToM Pseudowire QoS
Tunnel Selection for AToM Pseudowires
L2VPN Pseudowire Switching with AToM
L2VPN Interworking with AToM Pseudowires
Configuring and Verifying Local Switching
Resolving AToM Data Channel Packet Drop Issues
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 4 Designing MPLS Layer 3 Site-to-Site VPNs
Advantages and Disadvantages of MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
MPLS Layer 3 VPNs Overview
IP Reachability in an MPLS Layer 3 VPN
User Packet Forwarding Between MPLS Layer 3 VPN Sites
A Detailed Examination of MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
Distinguishing Customer VPN Prefixes Using Route Distinguishers (RD)
Using Route Targets (RT) to Control Customer VPN Route Distribution
Deploying MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
Configuration of PE Routers
Configuration of P Routers
Provisioning Route Distribution for VPN Topologies
Preventing Routing Loops When Customer VPN Sites Are Multihomed
Implementing Internet Access for MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 5 Advanced MPLS Layer 3 VPN Deployment Considerations
The Carriers’ Carrier Architecture
CSC Architecture When MPLS Is Not Enabled Within CSC Customer Sites
CSC Architecture When MPLS Is Enabled Within CSC Customer Sites
The Inter-Autonomous System/Interprovider MPLS VPN Architecture
VRF-to-VRF Connectivity at ASBRs
Advertisement of Labeled VPN-IPv4 (VPNv4) Between ASBRs Using MP-eBGP
Advertisement of Labeled VPN-IPv4 (VPNv4) Between Route Reflectors in Separate Autonomous Systems Using Multihop MP-eBGP
Supporting Multicast Transport in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
Point-to-Point GRE Tunnels
Multicast VPNs (MVPN)
Implementing QoS for MPLS Layer 3 VPNs
MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Models
Configuring MPLS QoS on Cisco Routers
Supporting IPv6 Traffic Transport in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs Using 6VPE
6VPE Route Exchange
6VPE Data Packet Forwarding
Configuring and Verifying 6VPE
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 6 Deploying Site-to-Site IPsec VPNs
Advantages and Disadvantages of IPsec Site-to-Site VPNs
IPsec: A Security Architecture for IP
Cryptographic Algorithms
Security Protocols: AH and ESP
Security Associations
IPsec Databases
SA and Key Management Techniques
Putting It All Together: IPsec Packet Processing
Deploying IPsec VPNs: Fundamental Considerations
Selecting and Configuring IKE Policies for Automated SA and Key Management
Selecting and Configuring IPsec Transforms
Designing and Configuring Crypto Access Lists
Pulling Everything Together with a Crypto Map
Complete IPsec VPN Gateway Configurations
Transporting Multiprotocol and Multicast Traffic over an IPsec VPN
Manual SA and Key Management
Deploying IPsec VPNs with NAT/PAT
Allowing IPsec to Traverse a Firewall
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 7 Scaling and Optimizing IPsec VPNs
Scaling IPsec Virtual Private Networks
Reducing the Number of IPsec Tunnels Required in a VPN
Reducing IPsec VPN Configuration Complexity with TED and DMVPN
Scaling IPsec VPNs with Digital Signature Authentication
Ensuring High Availability in an IPsec VPN
High Availability with HSRP
High Availability with GRE
Designing QoS for IPsec VPNs
Using DiffServ in an IPsec VPN
Configuring QoS with the qos pre-classify Command
IPsec Anti-Replay Considerations with QoS
Other Considerations When Provisioning QoS for an IPsec VPN
MTU and Fragmentation Considerations in an IPsec VPN
IPsec Packet Overhead
Ensuring That Large IPsec Packets Are Not Fragmented or Dropped
Summary
Review Questions
Part III Remote Access VPNs
Chapter 8 Designing and Implementing L2TPv2 and L2TPv3 Remote Access VPNs
Benefits and Drawbacks of L2TP Remote Access VPNs
Operation of L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode
L2TPv2 Message Formats and Message Types
L2TP/IPsec Remote Access VPN Setup (Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode)
Implementing L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
Configuring PSK Authentication for L2TP/IPsec Voluntary Tunnel Mode VPNs
Implementing Digital Signature (Digital Certificate) Authentication with L2TP/ IPsec Voluntary/Client-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
Verifying L2TP/IPsec Voluntary Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
Configuring L2TP/IPsec Remote Access VPNs to Transit NAT Devices
Deploying L2TP Voluntary/Client-Initiated VPNs on Cisco IOS Routers
Designing and Implementing L2TP Compulsory/NAS-Initiated Tunnel Mode Remote Access VPNs
L2TP Compulsory Tunnel Mode Setup: LAC Perspective
L2TP Compulsory Tunnel Mode Setup: LNS Perspective
Configuring the LAC for Compulsory Tunnel Mode
Configuring Tunnel Definitions on a RADIUS Server
Configuring the LNS for Compulsory Tunnel Mode
Integrating L2TP Remote Access VPNs with MPLS VPNs
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 9 Designing and Deploying IPsec Remote Access and Teleworker VPNs
Comparing IPsec Remote Access VPNs with Other Types of Remote Access VPNs
Understanding IKE in an IPsec Remote Access VPN Environment
Resolving Issues Relating to User Authentication
Resolving Issues Relating to Negotiation of Attributes Such as IP Addresses, DNS Server Addresses, and WINS Server Addresses
Deploying IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Preshared Key and Digital Signature Authentication
Implementing IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Preshared Key Authentication
Designing and Deploying IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Digital Signature Authentication
Implementing IPsec Remote Access VPNs Using Hybrid Authentication
Verifying and Debugging IPsec Remote Access VPNs
Configuring NAT Transparency for IPsec Remote Access VPNs
IPsec Remote Access/Telecommuter VPNs Using Easy VPN (EZVPN)
Integrating IPsec with MPLS VPNs
High Availability: Enabling Redundancy for IPsec Remote Access VPNs
Placing IPsec Remote Access VPN Gateways in Relation to Firewalls
Considerations When Building Wireless IPsec VPNs
Allowing or Disallowing Split Tunneling for Remote Access VPN Clients
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10 Designing and Building SSL Remote Access VPNs (WebVPN)
Comparing SSL VPNs to Other Types of Remote Access VPNs
Understanding the Operation of SSL Remote Access VPNs
SSL Overview: TCP, the Record Layer, and the Handshake Protocol
Establishing an SSL Connection Between a Remote Access VPN User and an SSL VPN Gateway Using an RSA Handshake
Understanding the SSL RSA Handshake with Client Authentication
Resuming an SSL Session
Closing an SSL Connection
Using Clientless SSL Remote Access VPNs (WebVPN) on the Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator
Completing Basic SSL Remote Access VPN Access Configuration Tasks on the Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrator
Configuring File and Web Server Access via SSL Remote Access VPNs
Enabling TCP Applications over Clientless SSL Remote Access VPNs
Configuring E-mail Proxy for SSL Remote Access VPN Users
Implementing Full Network Access Using the Cisco SSL VPN Client
Installing and Enabling the Cisco VPN Client Software
Understanding Remote Access Connectivity When Using the Cisco SSL VPN Client
Strengthening SSL Remote Access VPNs Security by Implementing Cisco Secure Desktop
Installing the Cisco Secure Desktop
Configuring the Cisco Secure Desktop for Windows Clients
Configuring Cache Cleaner Options for Mac and Linux Users
Enabling the Cisco Secure Desktop
Enabling SSL VPNs (WebVPN) on Cisco IOS Devices
Step 1: Configure Domain Name and Name Server Addresses
Step 2: Configure Remote AAA for Remote Access User Login Authentication
Step 3: Enroll the IOS Router with a CA and Obtain an Identity Certificate
Step 4: Enable WebVPN
Step 5: Configure Basic SSL Parameters
Step 6: Customize Login and Home Pages (Optional)
Step 7: Specify URLs
Step 8: Configure Port Forwarding
Deploying SSL VPNs (WebVPN) on the ASA 5500
Step 1: Configure the HTTP Server
Step 2: Enable WebVPN on the Outside Interface
Step 3: Configure the WebVPN User Group Policy and Attributes
Step 4: Configure Remote Access User Authentication
Step 5: Specify URL Lists
Step 6: Configure File Access, Entry, and Browsing
Step 7: Configure Port Forwarding
Step 8: Configure E-mail Proxy
Step 9: Specify an SSL Trustpoint, SSL Version, and SSL Encryption Algorithm (Optional)
Step 10: Customize Login and Home Pages (Optional)
Verifying SSL VPNs on the ASA
Summary
Review Questions
Part IV Appendixes
Appendix A VPLS and IPLS Layer 2 VPNs
Understanding VPLS
Ensuring a Loop-Free Topology in a VPLS
Frame Forwarding over a VPLS
VPLS MAC Address Learning
Hierarchical VPLS (H-VPLS) Deployments
Understanding IPLS
Unicast and Broadcast/Multicast Pseudowires in IPLS
Unicast and Broadcast/Multicast Forwarding in IPLS
Summary: Comparing VPLS and IPLS
Appendix B Answers to Review Questions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Index
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The cost savings associated with VPNs is tremendous. VPNs enable users in remote offices or locations to enjoy the same level of productivity as those who are in the same physical location of the central network. However, with so many flavors of VPNs available, companies and providers are often hard pressed to identify the VPN solutions that are most appropriate for their particular network design and service needs. Comparing, Designing, and Deploying VPNs will bring together many of the most popular VPN technologies for convenient reference. The book examines the operation, application, and configuration of Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol version 2 (L2TPv2), Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol version 3 (L2TPv3), MPLS Layer-3, Any Transport over MPLS (AToM), and Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) virtual private networks. For the first time, engineers and network architects will be able to use one book to learn the purpose, functionality, and configuration of the various flavors of major VPNs.
Mark Lewis, CCIE® No. 6280, is technical director of MJL Network Solutions (www.mjlnet.com), a leading provider of internetworking solutions that focuses on helping enterprise and service provider customers to implement leading-edge technologies. Mark specializes in next-generation network technologies and has extensive experience designing, deploying, and migrating large-scale IP/MPLS networks. He is an active participant in the IETF, a member of the IEEE, and a certified Cisco Systems® instructor. Mark is the author of Troubleshooting Virtual Private Networks, published by Cisco Press.
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