Table of Contents

1 Dielectric Properties of Polar Oxides (U. Bottger).1.1 Introduction.1.2 Dielectric polarization.1.3 Ferroelectric polarization.1.4 Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transition.1.5 Ferroelectric Materials.1.6 Ferroelectric Domains.Bibliography.2 Piezoelectric Characterization (S. Trolier-McKinstry).2.1 Important piezoelectric constants.2.2 Measurements in bulk materials.2.3 Measurements in thin films.2.4 Conclusions.Bibliography.3 Electrical Characterization of Ferroelectrics (K. Prume, T. Schmitz, S. Tiedke).3.1 Introduction.3.2 Measurement methods.3.3 Measurement types.Bibliography.4 Optical Characterization of Ferroelectric Materials (C. Buchal).4.1 Introduction: Light propagation within anisotropic crystals.4.2 The electro-optic effect.4.3 Non-linear optics.Bibliography.5 Microwave Properties and Measurement Techniques (N. Klein).5.1 Introduction.5.2 Basic relations defining microwave properties of dielectrics and normal/superconducting metals.5.3 Surface impedance of normal metals.5.4 Surface impedance of high-temperature superconductor films.5.5 Microwave properties of dielectric single crystals, ceramics and thin films.5.6 General remarks about microwave material measurements.5.7 Non resonant microwave measurement techniques.5.8 Resonator measurement techniques.5.9 Conclusions.Bibliography.6 Advanced X-ray Analysis of Ferroelectrics (K. Saito, T. Kurosawa, T. Akai, S. Yokoyama, H. Morioka, H. Funakubo).6.1 Introduction.6.2 Experimental.6.3 Results and discussion.6.4 Conclusions.Bibliography.7 Characterization of PZT-Ceramics by High-Resolution X-Ray Analysis (M. J. Hoffmann, H. Kungl, J.-Th. Reszat, S. Wagner).7.1 Introduction.7.2 Experimental.7.3 Results and discussion.7.4 Summary.Bibliography.8 In-Situ Synchrotron X-ray Studies of Processing and Physics of Ferroelectric Thin Films (G. B. Stephenson, S. K. Streiffer, D. D. Fong, M. V. Ramana Murty, O. Auciello, P. H. Fuoss, J. A. Eastman, A. Munkholm, C. Thompson).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Growth of ultrathin ferroelectric films.8.3 Observation of nanoscale 180 stripedomains.Bibliography.9 Characterization of Polar Oxides by Photo-Induced Light Scattering (M. Imlau, M. Goulkov, M. Fally, Th. Woike).9.1 Introduction.9.2 Fundamentals.9.3 Experimental.9.4 Summary.Bibliography.10 Ferroelectric Domain Breakdown: Application to Nanodomain Technology (G. Rosenman, A. Agronin, D. Dahan, M. Shvebelman, E. Weinbrandt, M. Molotskii,Y. Rosenwaks).10.1 Introduction.10.2 Nanodomain size limitations.10.3 AFM nanodomain tailoring technology.10.4 Ferroelectric domain breakdown.10.5 Nanodomain superlattices tailored by multiple tip arrays of HVAFM.10.6 Conclusions.Bibliography.11 Pyroelectric Ceramics and Thin Films: Characterization, Properties and Selection (R. W. Whatmore).11.1 Introduction.11.2 The physics of pyroelectric detectors.11.3 Measurement of physical parameters.11.4 Pyroelectricmaterials and their selection.11.5 Pyroelectric ceramics and thinfilms.11.6 Conclusions.Bibliography.12 Nano-inspection of Dielectric and Polarization Properties at Inner and Outer Interfaces in PZT Thin Films (L. M. Eng).12.1 Introduction.12.2 Methods.12.3 Materials.12.4 Results.12.5 Conclusion.Bibliography.13 Piezoelectric Relaxation and Nonlinearity investigated by Optical Interferometry and Dynamic Press Technique (D. Damjanovic).13.1 Introduction.13.2 Measurement techniques.13.3 Investigation of the piezoelectric nonlinearity in PZT thin films using optical interferometry.13.4 Investigation of the piezoelectric relaxation in ferroelectric ceramics using dynamic press.Bibliography.14 Chaotic Behavior near the Ferroelectric Phase Transition (H. Beige, M. Diestelhorst, R. Habel).14.1 Introduction.14.2 Dielectric nonlinear series-resonance circuit.14.3 Nonlinear nature of the resonant system.14.4 Tools of the nonlinear dynamics.14.5 Experimental representation of phase portraits.14.6 Comparison of calculated and experimentally observed phase portraits.14.7 Controlling chaos.14.8 Summary.Bibliography.15 Relaxor Ferroelectrics - from Random Field Models to Glassy Relaxation and Domain States (W. Kleemann, G. A. Samara, J. Dec).15.1 Introduction.15.2 Polar nanoregions.15.3 Cubic relaxors.15.4 Role of pressure.15.5 Dynamics of the dipolar slowing-down process.15.6 Uniaxial relaxors.15.7 Domain dynamics in uniaxial relaxors.Bibliography.16 Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscope (Y. Cho).16.1 Introduction.16.2 Nonlinear dielectric imaging with sub- nanometer resolution.16.3 Higher order nonlinear dielectric microscopy.16.4 Three-dimensional measurement technique.16.5 Ultra High-Density Ferroelectric Data Storage Using Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy.16.6 Conclusions.Bibliography.17 Electrical Characterization of Ferroelectric Properties in the Sub-Micrometer Scale (T. Schmitz, S. Tiedke, K. Prume, K. Szot, A. Roelofs).17.1 Introduction.17.2 Sample preparation.17.3 Contact problems.17.4 Parasitic capacitance.17.5 In-situ compensation.Bibliography.18 Searching the Ferroelectric Limit by PFM (A. Roelofs, T. Schneller, U. B ottger, K. Szot, R. Waser).18.1 Introduction.18.2 Polycrystalline ferroelectric PTO thin films on platinized silicon substrates.18.3 Separated lead titanate nano-grains.18.4 Conclusion.Bibliography.19 Piezoelectric Studies at Submicron and Nano Scale (E. L. Colla, I. Stolichnov).19.1 Introduction.19.2 Investigating cycling induced suppression of switchable polarization in FeCaps.19.3 Size effect on the polarization patterns in -sized ferroelectric film capacitors.19.3.1 Downscaling of ferroelectric capacitors.19.4 Direct observation of inversely-polarized frozen nanodomains in fatigued Fe- Caps.Bibliography.Authors.Index.

About the Author

The Editors: Rainer Waser is Professor of Physics at the faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the RWTH Aachen University and Director at the Institute of Solid State Research (IFF) at the HGF Research Center Julich, Germany. In 1984, he received his PhD in physical chemistry at the University of Darmstadt, and worked at the Philips Research Laboratory, Aachen, until he was appointed professor in 1992. His research group is focused on fundamental aspects of electronic materials and on such integrated devices as non-volatile memories, specifically ferroelectric memories, logic devices, sensors and actuators. Professor Waser's co-editors are Dr. Ulrich Bottger, who works alongside him at the the faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of the RWTH Aachen University, and Stephan Tiedke of the aixACCT Systems GmbH company.