Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Basic Concepts 1.1 Validity and Soundness 1.2 Forms and Validity 1.3 Counterexamples and Invalidity 1.4 Strength and Cogency Chapter 2. Identifying Arguments 2.1 Arguments and Nonarguments 2.2 Well-Crafted Arguments 2.3 Argument Diagrams Chapter 3. Logic and Language 3.1 Logic, Meaning, and Emotive Force 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Using Definitions to Evaluate Arguments Chapter 4. Informal Fallacies 4.1 Fallacies of Irrelevance 4.2 Fallacies Involving Ambiguity 4.3 Fallacies Involving Unwarranted Assumptions Chapter 5. Categorical Logic: Statements 5.1 Standard Forms of Categorical Statements 5.2 The Traditional Square of Opposition 5.3 Further Immediate Inferences Chapter 6. Categorical Logic: Syllogisms 6.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 6.2 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements 6.3 Venn Diagrams and Categorical Syllogisms 6.4 The Modern Square of Opposition 6.5 Enthymemes 6.6 Sorites and Removing Term-Complements 6.7 Rules for Evaluating Syllogisms Chapter 7. Statement Logic: Truth Tables 7.1 Symbolizing English Arguments 7.2 Truth Tables 7.3 Using Truth Tables to Evaluate Arguments 7.4 Abbreviated Truth Tables 7.5 Logically Significant Categories and Relationships Chapter 8. Statement Logic: Proofs 8.1 Implicational Rules of Inference 8.2 Five Equivalence Rules 8.3 Five More Equivalence Rules 8.4 Conditional Proof 8.5 Reductio ad Absurdum 8.6 Proving Theorems Chapter 9. Predicate Logic 9.1 Predicates and Quantifiers 9.2 Demonstrating Invalidity 9.3 Constructing Proofs 9.4 Quantifier Negation, RAA, and CP 9.5 The Logic of Relations: Symbolizations 9.6 The Logic of Relations: Proofs 9.7 Identity: Symbolizations 9.8 Identity: Proofs Chapter 10. Induction 10.1 Inductive and Deductive Logic: Contrasts and Clarifications 10.2 Arguments from Authority and Induction by Enumeration 10.3 Mill's Methods and Scientific Reasoning 10.4 Arguments from Analogy Chapter 11. Probability 11.1 Three Theories of Probability 11.2 The Rules of Probability 11.3 Bayes' Theorem