King, The Science of Psychology, Second EditionContentsPreface
Chapter 1 What Is Psychology?Defining Psychology The Psychological
Frame of MindCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Are Young Americans in the Middle
of a Narcissism Epidemic?Psychology as the Science of All Human
BehaviorPsychology in Historical PerspectiveWundt's Structuralism
and James's FunctionalismDarwin's Natural SelectionPSYCHOLOGICAL
INQUIRY Explore Evolution from Giraffes to Human BeingsContemporary
Approaches to PsychologyThe Biological ApproachThe Behavioral
ApproachThe Psychodynamic ApproachThe Humanistic ApproachThe
Cognitive ApproachThe Evolutionary ApproachThe Sociocultural
ApproachSumming Up the Seven Contemporary ApproachesWhat
Psychologists DoCareers in PsychologyAreas of
SpecializationPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Questions That Psychology
Specialists AskINTERSECTION Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural
Psychology: Is Success Always Sweeter Than Failure?The Science of
Psychology and Health and WellnessHow the Mind Impacts the BodyHow
the Body Impacts the MindSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 2 Psychology's Scientific MethodPsychology's Scientific
MethodStep 1. Observing Some PhenomenonStep 2. Formulating
Hypotheses and PredictionsStep 3. Testing Through Empirical
ResearchStep 4. Drawing ConclusionsStep 5. Evaluating the
TheoryTypes of Psychological ResearchDescriptive
ResearchCorrelational ResearchPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Miserable but
Helpful?Experimental ResearchINTERSECTION Social Psychology and
Developmental Psychology: Is High Self-Esteem Such a Good
Thing?Applications of the Three Types of ResearchResearch Samples
and SettingsThe Research SampleThe Research SettingPSYCHOLOGICAL
INQUIRY Experimentation in a Natural SettingAnalyzing and
Interpreting DataDescriptive StatisticsInferential
StatisticsConducting Ethical ResearchEthics GuidelinesThe Place of
Values in Psychological ResearchCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Would Reality
TV Pass the Institutional Review Board?Thinking Critically About
Psychological ResearchAvoid Overgeneralizing Based on Little
Information Distinguish Between Group Results and Individual
NeedsLook for Answers Beyond a Single StudyAvoid Attributing Causes
When None Have Been FoundConsider the Source of Psychological
InformationThe Scientific Method and Health and WellnessSummaryKey
TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 3 Biological Foundations of BehaviorThe Nervous
SystemCharacteristics of the Nervous SystemPathways in the Nervous
SystemDivisions of the Nervous SystemNeuronsSpecialised Cell
StructureThe Neural ImpulseSynapses and NeurotransmittersNeural
NetworksStructures of the Brain and Their FunctionsHow Researchers
Study the Brain and Nervous SystemHow the Brain Is
OrganizedPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Brain in Different SpeciesThe
Cerebral CortexCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Are Human Brains Uniquely Wired
to Recognize Faces?The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain
ResearchINTERSECTION Emotion and Neuroscience: Is Your Brain
Happy?Integration of Function in the BrainThe Endocrine SystemBrain
Damage, Plasticity, and RepairThe Brain's Plasticity and Capacity
for RepairBrain Tissue ImplantsGenetics and BehaviorChromosomes,
Genes, and DNAThe Study of GeneticsPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Jim
TwinsGenes and the EnvironmentPsychology's Biological Foundations
and Health and WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 4 Sensation and PerceptionHow We Sense and Perceive the
WorldThe Processes and Purposes of Sensation and
PerceptionPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Old Woman or Young Woman?Sensory
Receptors and the BrainThresholdsPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Subliminal
Perception: Working Up a ThirstSignal Detection TheoryPerceiving
Sensory StimuliINTERSECTION Perception and Social Psychology: Was
That a Gun or Car Keys?Sensory AdaptationExtrasensory PerceptionThe
Visual SystemThe Visual Stimulus and the EyeVisual Processing in
the BrainColor VisionPerceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and
ConstancyThe Auditory SystemThe Nature of Sound and How We
Experience ItStructures and Functions of the EarCRITICAL
CONTROVERSY Are Cochlear Implants a “Cure” for
Deafness?Theories of HearingAuditory Processing in the
BrainLocalizing SoundOther SensesThe Skin SensesThe Chemical
SensesThe Kinesthetic and Vestibular SensesSensation, Perception,
and Health and WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 5 States of ConsciousnessThe Nature of
ConsciousnessDefining ConsciousnessConsciousness and the
BrainLevels of AwarenessINTERSECTION Consciousness and
Developmental Psychology: How Do We Develop a Sense of the Minds of
Others?Sleep and DreamsBiological Rhythms and SleepWhy Do We Need
Sleep?Stages of Wakefulness and SleepPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Taking a
Ride on the Sleep CyclesSleep and DiseaseSleep
DisordersDreamsPsychoactive DrugsPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Drug Use by
American TeenagersUses of Psychoactive DrugsTypes of Psychoactive
DrugsCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Should Illicit Psychoactive Drugs Be
Legalized for Medical Use?HypnosisThe Nature of HypnosisExplaining
HypnosisUses of HypnosisConsciousness and Health and Wellness:
MeditationMindfulness MeditationThe Meditative State of MindGetting
Started with MeditationSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 6 LearningTypes of LearningClassical ConditioningPavlov's
StudiesPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY From Acquisition to Extinction (to
Spontaneous Recovery)Classical Conditioning in HumansOperant
ConditioningDefining Operant ConditioningThorndike's Law of
EffectSkinner's Approach to Operant ConditioningShapingINTERSECTION
Behaviorism and Cognitive Neuroscience: If It Feels Good, Is It
Rewarding? Principles of ReinforcementPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Schedules of Reinforcement and Different Patterns of
RespondingCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Will Sparing the Rod Spoil the
Child?Applied Behavior AnalysisObservational LearningCognitive
Factors in LearningPurposive BehaviorInsight Learning Biological,
Cultural, and Psychological Factors in LearningBiological
ConstraintsCultural InfluencesPsychological ConstraintsLearning and
Health and WellnessWhat Can a Rat Tell Us About Stress?SummaryKey
TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 7 MemoryThe Nature of MemoryMemory EncodingAttentionLevels
of ProcessingElaborationImageryMemory StorageSensory
MemoryShort-Term MemoryPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The Inner Workings of
Working MemoryLong-Term MemoryINTERSECTION Memory and Sensation:
Why Does Smell Share a Special Relationship with Memory?Memory
RetrievalSerial Position EffectPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Don't Mess
with Mr. In-BetweenRetrieval Cues and the Retrieval TaskSpecial
Cases of RetrievalCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Memories: Recovered,
Discovered, or False?ForgettingEncoding FailureRetrieval
FailureStudy Tips from the Science of Memory Memory and Health and
WellnessKeeping Memory SharpMemory and Everyday LifeSummaryKey
TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 8 Thinking, Intelligence, and LanguageThe Cognitive
Revolution in PsychologyThinkingConceptsProblem
SolvingPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Thinking Outside the BoxReasoning and
Decision MakingThinking Critically and CreativelyINTERSECTION
Emotion and Cognition: How Are You Feeling and Thinking
Today?IntelligenceMeasuring IntelligencePSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY The
Normal CurveGenetic and Environmental Influences on
IntelligenceExtremes of IntelligenceTheories of Multiple
IntelligencesLanguageThe Basic Properties of LanguageLanguage and
CognitionCRITICAL CONTROVERSY Does Gender Influence
Language?Biological and Environmental Influences on
LanguageLanguage Development over the Life SpanThinking, Problem
Solving, and Health and WellnessCognitive Appraisal and
StressCognitive ReappraisalSummaryKey TermsApply Your
KnowledgeChapter 9 Human DevelopmentExploring Human
DevelopmentResearch Methods in Developmental PsychologyHow Do Natur
e and Nurture Influence Development?CRITICAL CONTROVERSY Genes or
Superparents: Which Matters More to Kids?What Is the Developer's
Role in Development?Are Early or Later Life Experiences More
Important in Development?Child DevelopmentPrenatal
DevelopmentPhysical Development in ChildhoodCognitive Development
in ChildhoodPSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY Thinking Critically About Object
PermanenceSocioemotional Development in ChildhoodINTERSECTION
Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology: Is “Girl
Talk” Always a Good Thing?AdolescencePhysical Development in
AdolescenceCognitive Development in AdolescenceSocioemotional
Development in Adolescence: The Emergence of IdentityPSYCHOLOGICAL
INQUIRY Looking at Identity ExplorationEmerging Adulthood, Adult
Development, and AgingEmerging AdulthoodPhysical Development in
AdulthoodCognitive Development in AdulthoodSocioemotional
Development in AdulthoodHuman Development and Health and
WellnessCoping and Adult DevelopmentLife Themes and Life-Span
DevelopmentSummaryKey TermsApply Your KnowledgeChapter 10
Motivation and Emotion1. Theories of Motivation2. Hunger, Obesity,
and Eating Disorders3. Beyond Hunger: Approaches to Motivation in
Everyday Life4. Emotion5. Motivation, Emotion, and Health and
Wellness: The Pursuit of HappinessSummaryKey TermsApply Your
Knowledge
Chapter 11, Gender and Sexuality1. Defining Sex and GenderSex and
Its Biological ComponentsGenderThe Role of GenesDisorders of Sexual
Development2. Theories of Gender Development Biological
ApproachesEvolutionary Psychology ApproachesSocial Cognitive
ApproachesSocial Role TheoryEvaluating the Theoretical Approaches
to Gender3. The Psychology of Gender DifferencesInfant Sex
DifferencesCognitive DifferencesGender Differences in Aggression
Gender Differences in Sexuality Evaluating the Evidence for
Gender4. Sexual Orientation Defining Sexual OrientationMeasuring
Sexual OrientationOccurrence of the Different Sexual
OrientationsOrigins of Sexual Orientation: A Scientific PuzzleGay
and Lesbian FunctioningIndividual Adjustment and
Well-BeingRelationship FunctioningGay and Lesbian Families5. Sexual
Behaviors, Practices, and AttitudesSexual BehaviorsSexual
PracticesThe Human Sexual Response PatternCognitive and Other
Factors in Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 6. Gender and Sexual
Variations and Disorders Transgender: A Variation of Gender
IdentityVariations in Sexual BehaviorVariations, Disorders, and the
Meaning of Normality7. Gender, Sexuality, and Health and Wellness
Sexual Behavior and Physical HealthSexual Behavior and
Psychological Well-BeingSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 12, Personality1. Psychodynamic Perspectives2. Humanistic
Perspectives3. Trait Perspectives4. Personological and Life Story
Perspectives5. Social Cognitive Perspectives6. Biological
Perspectives7. Personality Assessment8. Personality and Health and
WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 13, Social Psychology1. Social Cognition2. Social
Behavior3. Social Influence4. Intergroup Relations5. Close
Relationships6. Social Psychology and Health and WellnessSummaryKey
TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 14, Industrial and Organizational Psychology1. Origins of
I/O Psychology2. Industrial Psychology3. Organizational
Psychology4. Organizational Culture5. I/O Psychology and Health and
WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 15, Psychological Disorders1. Defining and Explaining
Abnormal Behavior2. Anxiety Disorders3. Mood Disorders4. Eating
Disorders5. Dissociative Disorders6. Schizophrenia7. Personality
Disorders8. Psychological Disorders and Health and
WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 16, Therapies1. Biological Therapies2. Psychotherapy3.
Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment4. The
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy5. Therapies and Health and
WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Chapter 17, Health Psychology1. Health Psychology and Behavioral
Medicine2. Making Positive Life Changes3. Resources for Effective
Life Change4. Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling
Stress5. Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your
Life Depends upon It6. Integrating Psychology and Health and
WellnessSummaryKey TermsApply Your Knowledge
Laura King did her undergraduate work at Kenyon College, where, an English major, she declared a second major, in psychology, during the second semester of her junior year. She completed her A.B. in English with high honors and distinction and in psychology with distinction in 1986. Laura then did graduate work at Michigan State University and the University of California, Davis, receiving her Ph.D. in personality psychology in 1991.Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, moving to the University of Missouri, Columbia, in 2001, where she is now a professor. In addition to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and personality psychology, she has taught undergraduate lecture courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality psychology, and social psychology. At SMU, she received six different teaching awards, including the M award for sustained excellence in 1999. At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellors Award for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004.Her research, which has been funded by the National Institutes for Mental Health, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in studying what is good and healthy in people. In 2001, her research accomplishments were recognized by a Templeton Prize in positive psychology. Lauras research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate students) has been published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Cognition and Emotion, the Journal of Personality, and other publications . A new paper on the place of regrets in maturity is forthcoming in the American Psychologist.Currently editor-in-chief of the Journal of Research in Personality, Laura has also served as associate editor of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or co-edited special sections of the Journal of Personality and the American Psychologist. In real life, Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), gardening, and chasing Sam, her 3-year-old son.
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