Table of Contents

Prolog (Joseph Pancrazio)

SECTION I AN INTRODUCTION TO NEUROMODULATION
Introduction
Elliot S. Krames
1 What Is Neuromodulation?
Elliot S. Krames, Ali R. Rezai, P. Hunter Peckham, and Farag Aboelsaad
2 Neuromodulation: A Historical Perspective
Philip L. Gildenberg
3 Neuromodulation Technologies: Whom Do We Serve?
Allen R. Dyer and Mary Pat Aardrup
4 Challenges in Moving Toward Product Development
Paul Meadows
5 The Birth of an Industry
James Cavuoto
6 Beginnings of the Societies
Ross Davis, Philip L. Gildenberg, Giancarlo Barolat, Elliot Krames, Dejan Popovic, and Paul Meadows
7 Clinical Study Design
Daniel B. Carr and Anthony Eidelman
8 Psychological Issues and Evaluation for Patients Undergoing Implantable Technology
Daniel M. Doleys
9 Deep Brain Stimulation: Ethical Issues in Clinical Practice and Neurosurgical Research
Joseph J. Fins
SECTION II FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROMODULATION
Introduction
Narendra Bhadra, J. Thomas Mortimer, and Hunter Peckham
10 Anatomy of the Nervous System
Joshua M. Rosenow
11 Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation
J. Thomas Mortimer and Narendra Bhadra
12 Neuromodulation and Neuronal Plasticity
Alon Y. Mogilner
13 Gene-Based Neuromodulation
Thais Federici, Jonathan Riley, and Nicholas Boulis
SECTION IIA MECHANISMS
Introduction
14 Principals of Electric Field Generation for Stimulation of the Central Nervous System
Warren M. Grill
15 Mechanisms of Action of Deep Brain Stimulation: A Review
Kendall Lee, Charles Blaha, and Jonathan M. Bledsoe
16 Computational Modeling of Deep Brain Stimulation
Cameron C. McIntyre
SECTION III BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
Introduction
Joseph Pancrazio and Hunter Peckham
17 Electrodes for the Neural Interface
Dustin J. Tyler and Katharine H. Polasek
18 Implantable Neural Stimulators
P. Hunter Peckham and D. Michael Ackermann, Jr
19 Designing a Neural Interface System to Restore Mobility
John P. Donoghue and Leigh Hochberg
20 MRI Safety and Neuromodulation Systems
Frank G. Shellock
SECTION IV NEUROMODULATION FOR PAIN
Introduction
Elliot S. Krames and Andre Machado
21 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain
Joshua M. Rosenow
22 The Endogenous Neuromodulation System
Allan I. Basbaum, Joao Braz, Michael H. Ossipov and Frank Porreca
23 Management Strategies for Chronic Pain
Rollin M. Gallagher
Section IVA Intrathecal Therapies
Introduction
24 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): A Review
Kathleen Sluka, Howard S. Smith and Deirdre M. Walsh
25 Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Neuropathic and Ischemic Pain Syndromes
Bengt Linderoth, Robert D. Foreman, Björn A. Meyerson
26 The Cost-Effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation
Richard B. North, Jane Shipley and Rod S. Taylor
27 SCS for Painful Neuropathies
Giancarlo Barolat
28 Neurostimulation in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Joshua P. Prager
29 Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for Pain Peripheral Neuralgia and CRPS
Michael Stanton-Hicks
30 Occipital Neurostimulation (ONS) for Treatment of Intractable Headache Syndromes
Richard L. Weiner and Kenneth M. Alo`
31 Subcutaneous Targeted Stimulation
Teodor Goroszeniuk and Sandesha Kothari
Section IVB Neuromodulation for Pain
Introduction
32 Relevant Anatomy for Spinal Delivery
Timothy R Deer, Matthew Ranson and Douglas Stewart
33 The Rational Use of Intrathecal Opioid Analgesics
Elliot S. Krames and Mouchir Harb
34 Intrathecal Analgesics, Choice of System
Marshall D. Bedder
35 Intrathecal Non-Opioid Analgesics for the Control of Pain
Enrique Reig, David Abejón, and Elliot S. Krames
36 Compounding Intrathecal Drugs
Richard L. Rauck
37 Intracerebroventricular Opioid Administration for Chronic Pain
Katherine E. Groothuis and Robert M. Levy

Section IVC Intracranial Procedures for Chronic Pain
Introduction
38 Deep Brain Stimulation for Pain
Erlick A.C. Pereira, Sarah L.F. Owen, Alexander L. Green and Tipu Z. Aziz
39 Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Posterior Hypothalamus in Chronic Cluster Headache
A. Franzini, G. Messina, M. Leone, G. Bussone, C. Marras, G. Tringali and G. Broggi
40 Motor Cortex Stimulation for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
J.P. Nguyen, J.P. Lefaucheur, S. Raoul, V. Roualdes, Y. Péréon, and Y. Keravel
SECTION V - Movement Disorders
41 Movement Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology Relevant to Deep Brain Stimulation
Brian Harris Kopell, Gregory F. Molnar and Bradley Hiner
42 Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Karl Sillay and Philip Starr
43 Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor
Adam P. Burdick, Michael S. Okun and Kelly D. Foote
44 Infusion Therapy for Movement Disorders
Joseph C. Hsieh and Richard D. Penn
45 Deep Brain Stimulation for Torsion Dystonia
Ron L. Alterman and Michele Tagliati
46 Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome
Veerle Visser-Vandewalle, Yasin Temel and Linda Ackermans
47 Surgical Management of Hemifacial Spasm and Meige Syndrome
Hyun Ho Jung and Jin Woo Chang
48 Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the Medial Thalamus for Movement Disorders: The role of the Centromedianum - Parafascicular complex
Paolo Mazzone, E Scarnati and G Della Marca
SECTION VI NEUROSTIMULATION FOR EPILEPSY
Introduction
Ash Sharan and Ali Rezai
49 Epilepsy: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology and Disorders
David King-Stephens
50 Vagus Nerve Stimulation
Arun Paul Amar, Michael L. Levy, Charles Y. Liu and Michael L.J. Apuzzo
51 Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy
Casey H. Halpern, Uzma Samadani, Brian Litt, Jurg L. Jaggi and Gordon H. Baltuch
52 Cerebellar Stimulation for Epilepsy
Steven Falowksi, Ashwini D. Sharan, Amanda Celii and Ross Davis
53 Closed Loop Stimulation in the Control of Focal Epilepsy
J. Smith, K. Fountas, M. Murro, Y. Park, P. Jenkins, D. Greene and R. Esteller
SECTION VII Neuromodulation in Psychiatry
Introduction
Benjamin D. Greenberg
54 Electroconvulsive Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Depression
Linda L Carpenter,, Margaret C. Wyche, Gerhard M. Friehs and John O’Reardon
55 Electrical brain stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: parcellation, and cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, a review
Kris van Kuyck, Loes Gabriëls, and Bart Nuttin
56 Deep brain stimulation for highly refractory depression
Benjamin D. Greenberg
57 Surgical Treatment for Refractory Drug Addictions
Bomin Sun, Shikun Zhan, Dianyou Li, and Hemmings Wu
SECTION VIII NEUROMODULATION FOR FUNCTIONAL RESTORATION
Introduction
P. Hunter Peckham
58 Stimulation for the Return of Hearing
Blake S. Wilson and Michael F. Dorman
59 The Development of Visual Prosthetic Devices to Restore Vision to the Blind
Muhammad Memon and Joseph F. Rizzo III
60 Stimulation for Return of Function after Stroke
John Chae, Jayme Knutson and Lynne Sheffler
61 Cortical Stimulation for the Treatment of Motor Deficits following Ischemic Stroke
Janna Silverstein and Robert M. Levy
62 Stimulation for Return of Upper and Lower Extremity Function
Kevin L. Kilgore, Michael W. Keith and P. Hunter Peckham
63 A Neural Prosthesis for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Dominique M. Durand
SECTION IX NEUROMODULATION FOR ORGAN SYSTEMS
Introduction
Elliot S. Krames
64 Neuronal Control of the Heart: Neuromodulation
Jeffrey L. Ardell and Robert D. Foreman
65 Disorders of Pacing
Thomas Dresing
66 Cardiac Pacemakers - Past, Present, and Future
Guy Amit and Kara J. Quan
67 Cardiac Defibrillators
Thomas Dresing
68 SCS for Peripheral Vascular Disorders
Svante Horsch and Stefan Schulte
69 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Refractory Angina
Mike J.L. DeJongste and Robert D. Foreman
70 Neuromodulation and Hypertension
T.M. Mastracci and R.K. Greenberg
71 Neuromodulation of Cardiac Dysfunction
Sandra Machado, Kwangdeok Lee and Marc S. Penn
72 Neural Control of the Colon
Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld and Robert D. Foreman
73 Spinal Cord Stimulation for Gastrointestinal Painful Disorders
Leonardo Kapural
74 Gastric Stimulation for Dysmotility Disorders and Obesity
Cristian Sevcencu
75 Intestinal Electrical Stimulation: Methodologies, Effects, Mechanisms,and Applications
Jieyun Yin and Jiande D Z Chen
76 Neurophysiology of the Genitourinary Organs
William C. de Groat and Firouz Daneshgari
77 Sacral Nerve Root Stimulation for Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis
Adnan A. Al-Kaisy and K. Riaz Khan
78 Neuromodulation for Voiding Dysfunction
Sarah McAchran, Raymond Rackley and Sandip Vasavada
SECTION X NEUROMODULATION FOR EMERGING APPLICATIONS
Introduction
Elliot S. Krames and Ali Rezai
79 Deep Brain Stimulation for Obesity
Michael Y. Oh
80 Deep Brain Stimulation for Blood Pressure Control
Erlick A.C. Pereira, Alexander L. Green and Tipu Z. Aziz
81 Tinnitus
Brian Harris Kopell and David Friedland
82 Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Infusion Therapies for the Treatment of CNS Disease
Daniel J. Abrams
83 Deep Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Neuromodulation
Nicholas D. Schiff
84 Novel Neuromodulation Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Conditions
Julie G. Pilitsis and Roy A.E. Bakay
SECTION XI TECHNIQUES FOR IMPLANTATION
Introduction
Elliot S. Krames
85 Deep Brain Stimulation: Surgical Technique
Andre G Machado, Alon Y. Mogilner and Ali Rezai
86 Spinal Cord Stimulation: Placement of Surgical Leads via Laminotomy - Techniques and Benefits
Krishna Kumar, Goran Lind, Jaleh Winter, Shivani Gupta, Sharon Bishop and Bengt Linderoth
87 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Michael Stanton-Hicks
88 Subcutaneous Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Pain
Giancarlo Barolat
89 Surgical Placement of Occipital Leads
Richard L. Weiner
90 Surgical Technique: Intrathecal Medication Delivery System Implantation
Joshua M. Rosenow
91 The Surgical Technique of Vagus Nerve Stimulator Implantation
Jeffrey W. Cozzens
Appendices

About the Author

Dr. Peckham is the Donnell Institute Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedics at Case Western Reserve University and Director, Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center. The major area of Dr. Peckham's research is in rehabilitation engineering and neuroprostheses. He’s also the Founder for the Institute for Functional Restoration at the Case Western School of Medicine and the Co-Director of MetroHealth Rehabilitation Institute of Ohio. A holder of eight patents, he is a member of multiple councils, Dr. Peckham is also a fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering. Dr. Rezai is currently executive chair and vice president of neurosciences for WVU Medicine. He also serves as associate dean and the John D. Rockefeller IV tenured professor in neurosciences at the WVU School of Medicine. Dr. Rezai has published over 150 peer reviewed articles, more than 30 book chapters, and serves on the editorial board of five journals. Dr. Rezai is currently the Past President of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS), the largest neurosurgical societies in the world, as well as the Past President North American Neuromodulation Society (NANS), and the American Society of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (ASSFN).Dr. Rezai’s research focuses on mechanisms of neurostimulation, and developing neuromodulation devices and novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of neurological disorders.

Reviews

"This reference is the product of a varied and exceptionally diverse collection of multidisciplinary, leading experts in the field who have added their significant contributions to the field of neuromodulation." --Elmer "Al" Pinzone, M.D., M.P.H., in Practical Pain Management, October 1, 2009 "Neuromodulation will be the go-to-it reference work for this rapidly expanding and fascinating field. The editors have assembled an all-star group of contributors who comprehensively cover all aspects of neuromodulation in the treatment of human disease and dysfunction." --John D. Loeser, M.D., Departments of Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA "The greater than 40 year history of scientific inquiry into the interface between neural tissue and therapeutic electrical fields or targeted drug infusion has resulted in a body of rapidly growing evidence for positive effects when these technologies are applied to selected patients who suffer from chronic neurological diseases. The editors of Neuromodulation have organized a definitive knowledge resource for this growing and complex field by assembling many of the world leaders in basic neuroscience, electrical engineering and drug infusion technologies, and clinical investigation. Any new paradigm in medicine, such as neuromodulation, deserves such an outstanding text to help the clinician and researcher to navigate through novel concepts, clinical outcomes and promising new applications." --Richard E. Kuntz, M.D., M.Sc., Sr. Vice President and President, Medtronic Neuromodulation, Minneapolis, USA "As it has become possible to directly interact with neural tissue, neuromodulation as a new and very promising field of therapeutic approaches has emerged on a very steep path of development. Since the first applications to the treatment of pain with electrical stimulation numerous newly developed methods, including direct electrical stimulation and drug infusion, targeting neural tissue from the cortex to the basal ganglia, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves have made it possible to develop new very powerful therapeutic approaches to serious clinical conditions. Every new branch soon produces its own ramifications and the neuromodulation looks like a very fast-growing tree. This timely publication provides a global and comprehensive review of the current state of the art technology from new and exciting perspectives. This book will be a milestone in the development of neuromodulation." --Alim Louis Benabid, Member Institut Universitaire de France, French Academy of Sciences, French Academy of Medicine, Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium, Professor Emeritus of Biophysics at the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble, Scientific Advisor at French Atomic Energy Commission, Grenoble, France "Neuromodulation therapy has advanced dramatically in recent years and promises to grow into a multi-indication modality that will help millions who suffer from chronic pain and other – neurological diseases.…As, the awareness, acceptance, and use of Neuromodulation technologies grow, the thoughtful publication and updating of reference books like Neuromodulation will play a vital role in the sharing of knowledge and best practices, enabling the modality to reach its full clinical potential.…This book draws from the giants of Neuromodulation who have contributed greatly to the field’s expansion. It broadly captures the wisdom of many talented and caring people and shares it with the world. We will use this book and its future updates as a core resource to further strengthen our educational programs. I thank the editors and authors for their vision and ambitious efforts in making this important book a reality." --Christopher G. Chavez, President, Neuromodulation Division, St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, USA "Scientific progress is accelerated when ground breaking developments are put into context for the next generation to explore. The editors of Neuromodulation have assembled a foundation of evidence that will spur the curious minds of scientists, clinicians, researchers and industry. This document will lead to new discoveries that reinforce the spirit of innovation and challenge our current beliefs. Congratulations to the authors and editors on assembling a reference for the ages." --Michael Onuscheck, Senior Vice President and President of Neuromodulation, Boston Scientific Corporation, Boston, USA