Table of Contents

1. An Introduction to Anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy. Gross Anatomy. Other Perspectives on Anatomy. Levels of Organization. An Introduction to Organ Systems. The Language of Anatomy.

2. The Cell.
The Study of Cells. Cellular Anatomy. Intercellular Attachment. The Cell Life Cycle.

3. The Tissue Level of Organization.
Epithelial Tissue. Connective Tissues. Membranes. The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body. Muscle Tissue. Neural Tissue. Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging.

4. The Integumentary System.
Integumentary Structure and Function. The Epidermis. The Dermis. The Subcutaneous Layer. Accessory Structures. Local Control of Integumentary Function. Aging and the Integumentary System.

5. The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure.
Structure of Bone. Bone Development and Growth. Bone Maintenance And Repair. Anatomy of Skeletal Elements. Integration with Other Systems.

6. The Skeletal System: Axial Division.
The Skull and Associated Bones. The Skulls of Infants, Children, and Adults. The Vertebral Column. The Thoracic Cage.

7. The Skeletal System: Appendicular Division.
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb. The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb. Individual Variation in the Skeletal System.

8. The Skeletal System: Articulations.
The Classification of Joints. Articular Form and Function. Representative Articulations. Bones and Muscles.

9. The Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle Tissue and Muscle Organization.
Functions of Skeletal Muscle. Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle. Muscle Contraction. Motor Units and Muscle Control. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers. The Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Levers: A Systems Design for Movement. Muscle Terminology. Aging and the Muscular System.

10. The Muscular System: The Axial Muscles.
The Axial Musculature.

11. The Muscular System: The Appendicular Muscles.
Muscles of Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs.

12. Surface Anatomy.
Regional Approach to Surface Anatomy.

13. The Nervous System: Neural Tissue.
An Overview of the Nervous System. Cellular Organization in Neural Tissue. The Nerve Impulse. Synaptic Communication. Neural Regeneration. Neuron Organization and Processing. Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System.

14. The Nervous System: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves.
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord. Spinal Meninges. Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord. Spinal Nerves. Reflexes.

15. The Nervous System: The Brain and Cranial Nerves.
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain. Protection and Support of the Brain. The Cerebrum. The Diencephalon. The Mesencephalon. The Pons. The Cerebellum. The Medulla Oblongata. Cranial Nerves.

16. The Nervous System: Pathways and Higher-Order Functions.
Sensory and Motor Pathways. Higher-Order Functions. Aging and the Nervous System.

17. The Nervous System: Autonomic Division.
An Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The Sympathetic Division. The Parasympathetic Division. Relationships Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions. Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions.

18. The Nervous System: General and Special Senses.
Receptors. The General Senses. Olfaction (Smell). Gustation (Taste). Equilibrium and Hearing. Vision.

19. The Endocrine System.
An Overview of the Endocrine System. The Pituitary Gland. The Thyroid Gland. The Parathyroid Glands. The Thymus. The Adrenal Gland. Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart. The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System. Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System. The Pineal Gland. Hormones and Aging.

20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood.
Functions of the Blood. Composition of the Blood. Formed Elements. Hempoiesis.

21. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart.
An Overview of the Circulatory System. The Pericardium. Structure of the Heart Wall. Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of the Heart. Internal Anatomy and Organization of the Heart. The Cardiac Cycle.

22. The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation.
Histological Organization of Blood Vessels. Blood Vessel Distribution. Circulatory Changes at Birth. Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease. Aging and the Cardiovascular System.

23. The Lymphatic System.
An Overview of the Lymphatic System. Lymphoid Tissues. Lymphoid Organs. Age and the Lymphatic System.

24. The Respiratory System.
Overview of the Respiratory System. The Upper Respiratory System. The Lower Respiratory System. The Trachea. The Primary Bronchi. The Lungs. The Pleural Cavities and Membranes. Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation. Aging and the Respiratory System.

25. The Digestive System.
An Overview of the Digestive System. The Oral Cavity. The Phayrnx. The Esophagus. The Stomach. The Small Intestine. The Large Intestine. Accessory Digestive Organs. Aging and the Digestive System.

26. The Urinary System.
The Kidneys. Structures for Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination. Aging and the Urinary System.

27. The Reproductive System.
Organization of the Reproductive System. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System. Aging and the Reproductive System.

28. Human Development.
An Overview of Development. Fertilization. The First Trimester. Prenatal Development. Labor and Delivery. The Neonatal Period.

Appendixes.
Scanning Atlas. Clinical Issues. Weights and Measures. Answers to Review Questions. Foreign Word Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms. Eponyms in Common Use. Glossary of Key Terms. Index. Illustration Credits.