Table of Contents

1: Introduction 2: Historical background 3: The United Nations 4: The International Bill of Human Rights 5: The United Nations-organizational structure 6: Regional protection of human rights 7: Europe 8: The Americas 9: Africa 10: Monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights 11: Substantive rights-general comments 12: Equality and non-discrimination 13: The right to life 14: Freedom from torture; cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment 15: The right to liberty of person 16: Equality before the law-the right to a fair trial 17: The right to self-determination 18: Freedom of expression 19: The right to work 20: The right to education and human rights education 21: Indigenous peoples' and minority rights 22: Rights for specific vulnerable people 23: Current issues

About the Author

Rhona Smith, Professor of International Human Rights and Head of Law School, Newcastle University