All chapters conclude with “Chapter Summary,” “Glossary of Key
Terms,” and “Suggested Readings.”
1. Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology.
What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology?Basic Definitions.Empirical
Examination of Culture.Collectivism and Individualism: Further
Research.Cultural Syndromes.Sociobiological Approach.Sociological
Approach.Ecocultural Approach.The Cultural Mixtures Approach: A New
Cross-Cultural Psychology in the 21st Century?The Integrative
Approach: A Summary.What Is Indigenous Psychology?What Is
Ethnocentrism?What Is Multiculturalism?A Brief History of the
Field.
2. Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research.
Goals of Cross-Cultural Research.Quantitative Research in
Cross-Cultural Psychology.Quantitative Approach: Measurement
Scales.Quantitative Approach: Looking for Linkages and
Differences.Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology.Major
Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study.Sample
Selection.Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology.Survey
Methods.Experimental Studies.Meta-Analysis: Research of Research.A
Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test
Translation.Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles.On
Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking
Applications.Cultural Dichotomies: There Are Fewer Differences Than
One Might Think.Cultural Dichotomies: There Are More Differences
Than One Might Expect.Avoiding Bias of Generalizations.Know More
About Cultures You Examine!
3. Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology.
The Evaluative Bias of Language:To Describe Is to
Prescribe.Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous
Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Grey?The
Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and
Different.The Barnum Effect: "One Size-Fits-All" Descriptions.The
Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored
Glasses.The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of
Categorization.The Availability Bias: The Persuasive Power of Vivid
Events.The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the
Impact of External Influences.The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When
Expectations Create Reality.Correlation Does Not Prove Causation:
Confusing "What" with "Why."Bi-Directional Causation and Multiple
Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways.The Naturalistic
Fallacy: Blurring the Line Between "Is" and "Should."The Belief
Perseverance Effect: "Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!
"Conclusions: "To Metathink or Not to Metathink?"
4. Cognition, Sensation and Perception, and States of
Consciousness.
Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles.Sensation and the Brain:
Basic Universal Pathways.How Culture Influences What We
Perceive.How People Perceive Depictions.Perception of Depth.Some
Cultural Patterns of Drawing Pictures.Perception of Color.Other
Senses.Perception of Time.Perception of the Beautiful.Perception of
Music.Consciousness and Culture.Sleep and Cultural Significance of
Dreams.Beyond Altered States of Consciousness.
5. Intelligence.
Defining Intelligence.Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores.Explaining
Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent
Behavior.Do Biological Factors Contribute to
Intelligence?Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases.Environment
and Intelligence.Socioeconomic Factors.The Family Factor.`Natural
Selection' and IQ Scores?Cultural Values of Cognition.General
Cognition: What Is `Underneath' Intelligence?Cognitive Skills,
School Grades, and Educational Systems.Culture, Tests, and
Motivation.IQ, Culture, and Social Justice.
6. Emotion.
When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional
Experience.You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt:
Differences in Emotional Experience.Emotions: Different or
Universal?Physiological Arousal.The Meaning of Preceding
Events.Emotion as an Evaluation.How People Assess Emotional
Experience.When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural
Research on Stress.Expression of Emotion.When Emotion Hurts:
Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger.Emotion and Inclination to
Act.Emotion and Judgment.
7. Motivation and Behavior.
Sociobiology: A Glance into Evolution.Social Science: See the
Society First.Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of
Motivation.The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis.Learning
and Motivation: Cognitive Theories.A Carrot and a Beef Tongue:
Hunger and Food Preference.When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating
Disorders.Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation.Aggressive
Motivation and Violence.Culture and Sexuality.Sexual and Gender
Identity Disorders.Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural
Similarities.
8. Human Development and Socialization.
Development and Socialization.Quality of Life and the Child's
Development.Norms, Customs, and Child-Care.Parental Values and
Expectations.Erik H. Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial
Development.Jean Piaget: Stages of Cognitive Development.Stages of
Moral Development According to Kohlberg.Developmental Stages.Life
Before Birth: Prenatal Period.First Steps: Infancy.Discovering the
World: Childhood.Major Rehearsals: Adolescence.Adulthood.Late
Adulthood.
9. Mental Disorders.
American Background: DSM-IV.Two Views on Culture and
Psychopathology.Central and Peripheral Symptoms.Environment,
Culture, and Mental Health.Schizophrenia.Depressive
Disorders.Culture and Suicide.Anxiety Disorders.Dementia.Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).Personality Disorders.Is
Substance Abuse Culturally Bound?Psychodiagnostic
Biases.Psychotherapy.Culture Match?
10. Social Perception and Social Cognition.
The Nature of Attitude.Values.Western and Non-Western
Values.Striving for Consistency: The Cognitive Balance
Theory.Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance.Psychological
Dogmatism. Social Attribution.Attribution as Locus of
Control.Explaining the Behavior of Others.Attribution of Success
and Failure.Self-Perception.Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See
Our Own Body Weight?Duty and Fairness in Individualist and
Collectivist Cultures.Stereotypes and the Power of
Generalizations.
11. Social Interaction.
Universal Interaction: Roles, Norms, and Territorial
Behavior.Direct Contacts and Communication.Conformity.Is Conformity
Universal across Cultures?Following Orders.Social Influence.Feeling
Good about Some Views.Is Social Loafing Universal?Cooperation and
Competition.Leaders: Born or Bred?
12. Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights.
Cross-Cultural Psychology and Medical Decisions.Prejudice: Is It
Inevitable?Cross-Cultural Psychology and Negotiations.Stereotypes
in Daily Life.Acculturative Stress.Culture and Cognitive Tests.Race
and Perception of Political Candidates.Immigration and
Immigrants.Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Rights.Culture,
Ethnicity, and Views on Equality.Discrimination and Minority
Status.Multiculturalism and Religion: A Campus Context.
Conclusion.
Appendixes.
References.
Authors of Quotations.
INTRODUCTION TO CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, 2/e introduces the field of cross-cultural psychology, discusses basic methodology for cross-cultural research, and explores the fields of sensation and perception, intelligence, human development, emotion, motivation, social perception and interaction, and mental disorders from a cross-cultural perspective.
INTRODUCTION TO CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, 2/e introduces the field of cross-cultural psychology, discusses basic methodology for cross-cultural research, and explores the fields of sensation and perception, intelligence, human development, emotion, motivation, social perception and interaction, and mental disorders from a cross-cultural perspective.
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