Table of Contents

Glossary List of abbreviations Introduction *Overview *The development of accounting *Stakeholder influences on accounting *Social issues and their effects and implications *Environmental issues and their effects and implications *Regulation and its implications *Conclusions *Summary The definition of social and environmental accounting *Overview *The development of social accounting *The measurement and reporting of performance *Accountability and social accounting *The Gaia hypothesis *The principles of social accounting *The principles of environmental accounting *The measurement of environmental impact *Conclusions The principles of social and environmental accounting *Overview *The environmental audit *The framework of accounting *The principles of environmental accounting *The principles of environmental reporting *Identifying social and environmental costs *The classification of environmental costs *The implementation of environmental accounting *Conclusions Effecting environmental accounting *Overview *The objectives of environmental accounting *Agenda 21 and sustainability *The drivers of environmental accounting *Financial reporting and management accounting *Cost allocations under environmental accounting *Environmental accounting and capital budgeting *Product and process design under environmental accounting *Life cycle costing *Conclusions Corporate environmental reporting *Overview *Guidelines from the European Commission *Reporting environmental effects *Disclosure in corporate reporting *The perceived incompatibility of corporate financial and environmental performance *Performance reporting in the annual report *Performance reporting in the environmental report *Financial performance v. environmental performance *Conclusions International approaches to social and environmental accounting and reporting *Overview *A methodology for corporate environmental management *Reporting practices in other countries *Approaches taken within the European Community *The USA *Other parts of the world *International standards and practice *Cost of capital and risk *Prospects for the future Bibliography and further reading 5

About the Author

David Crowther, BA, MBA, PhD, FCMA, CPFA has worked in industry and commerce for over 20 years, first as an accountant and subsequently as a systems and business consultant and general manager, before becoming an academic. His doctoral thesis on the corporate reporting of social and environmental performance was completed while working as a lecturer in accounting at Aston University. He is now a Reader at the University of North London, and has acted as an adviser or consultant to a wide range of organisations. His research interests cover a wide area but are primarily concerned with issues surrounding the accountability of organisations to their wider stakeholder community such as: the effect of environmental influences on corporate reporting; the measurement and evaluation of corporate performance and the implications of specific measurement systems for corporate behaviour; the regulation of privatised industries; and accounting for the wider environment and stakeholder influences upon corporate reporting systems.