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Seventy-one contributors from around the world bring together material on the history of oceanography never before published.

Table of Contents

Introduction--Philip F. Rehbock and Keith R. Benson

1. The Scripps Heritage

Scripps Benefactions: The Role of the Scripps Family in the Founding of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography--Deborah Day

Charles Kofoid's Role in Establishing the Scripps Institution of Oceanography--Fred Noel Spiess

Contexts for Constructing an Ocean Science: The Career of Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (1888-1957)--Robert Marc Friedman

2. Pacific Remembrances

The Sverdrup Years: A Personal Recollection--Walter H. Munk

Deep Sea Drilling: Lessons Learned--William A. Nierenberg

The NORPAC Expedition--Joseph L. Reid

The Development of Research Vessel Design--George G. Shor, Jr.

Reflections on My Knowledge in the Indo-Pacific--Klaus Wyrtki

3. Myth and Natural Knowledge of the Sea

Sea Monsters: Myth or Genuine Relic of the Past--Sherrie Lyons

Suggestions for Study of the Native Knowledge of Marine Animals in the Eastern Carolina Islands--Alan Eugene Davis

4. Exploration: The Pacific and Beyond

The Western Boundary Current in the Pacific: The Development of Our Oceanographic Knowledge--Joyce E. Jones and Ian S. F. Jones

Russian Oceanographic Investigations of the Pacific Ocean: History and Some Results--Arkady V. Alekseev and Igor D. Rostov

Research Vessel Vityaz: A Contribution to Oceanographic Science in the Past and Present--Svetlana G. Sivkova

Germania in Pacifico: Humboldt, Chamisso and Other Early German Contributors to Pacific Research, 1741-1876--Gerhard Kortum

The Aspirations of Alfred Merz, Georg Wust, and Albert Defant: From Berlin to Pacific Oceanography--Walter Lenz

Some Aspects of Early Twentieth-Century Oceanography: The German Antarctic Expedition--Maurice M. Raraty

Early Exploratory Voyages and Antarctic Expeditions: The Argentine Perspective--Ramiro P. Sanchez

History of Marine Science in Chile--Tarsicio Antezana and Nibaldo Bahamonde

The History of Oceanography along the Mexican Pacific Coast--Richard A. Schwartzlose and Saul Alvarez-Borrego

The Oceanographic Work of Captain Scott's Discovery, 1901-31--Ann Savours

Investigations of the Humboldt Current following a Long Series of Misadventures: The Voyage of the William Scoresby, 1931--Roalind Rolf and Gunther Marsden

The Danish Dana Expedition, 1928-30: Purpose and Accomplishments, Mainly in the Indo-Pacific--Torben Wolff

Italian Contributions to the Knowledge of the Southeast Pacific Ocean--Noberto della Croce

Deep-Sea Plankton Exploration in Historical Perspective--Baruch Kimor

The Educational Mission of Marine Sciences: A Case Study of East Africa, the Early Initiatives, 1930-80--Selim Morcos

School and Popular Marine Science Education in the United Kingdom--J. Malcolm Walker

5. Pioneers of Ocean Science

Anders Sparrman, 1748-1820--David Dyrssen

The Discovery of the Deep-Sea Atlantic Fauna--Luiz Saldanha

George Wallace Melville: His Influence Through Polor Exploration and Marine Engineering--A. Aristides Yayanos

Claude Zobell, Hadal Bacteria, and the "Azoic Zone"--Donald J. McGraw

The Pioneers of Oceanographic Research in Romania--G. Serpoinau and V. Malciu

Romanian Developmental Contributions of Emil Racovitza and Grigore Antipa to the Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean--Alexandru S. Bologa and Alexandru Marinescu

Four Centuries of Physical Oceanography in Croatia--Mirko Orlic

6. North American Oceanography and Marine Biology

Four Men and an Albatross: The Growth of American Oceanography, 1882-1921--Larry T. Spencer

Marine Biology or Oceanography: Early American Developments in Marine Science on the West Coast--Keith R. Benson

Pacific Waters and the POG: The Origin of Physical Oceanography on the West Coast of Canada--Eric L. Mills

The Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions (1931-1962) and Their Contributions to Marine Biology--Anwar Abdel Aleem

Selling Bellevue: The Emergence of American Naval Oceanography--Gary E. Weir

Marine Biology/Biological Oceanography and the Federal Patrol: The NSF Initiative in Biological Oceanography in the 1960s--Toby A. Appel

Challenges and Opportunities in Naval Oceanography in the Post Cold War World--Timothy Coffey

Oceanography: The Next Fifty Years--John A. Knauss

7. Technique and Technology

Swedish Oceanographic Instruments up to 1950--Artur Svansson

The History of Chemical Determinations of Salinity--William J. Wallace

Early Attempts at Dermination of the Salinity of Seawater from Measurement of Its Electric Conductivity--Jens Smed

The History of Chemical Oceanography in Australian Waters, 1874-1974--Andrew McTaggart

The Role of Spectra in Ocean Wave Physics--David Irvine

Submersibles in Oceanographic Research--Bruce H. Robinson

8. Fisheries Science and Management

The Uses and Abuses of Scientific Expertise in English Inshore Oyster Fishery, 1860-1910--Gill Parsons

History of Fisheries: Science in Japan--Yoshiaki Matsuda

One Hundred Years of the Sergestid Shrimp Fishing Industry in Suruga Bay: Development of Administration and Social Policy--Makota Omori

Transformation in Fisheries Management: A Study of William C. Herrington--Amy L. Toro

Ocean Food and Energy from California Mariculture: An Evaluation of the US Marine Biomass Project, from 1972-1986--Peter Neuschul and Lawrence Badash

9. Coral Reef Research

Beyond Darwin: Coral Reef Research in the Twentieth Century--Daphne G. Fautin

Caribbean Contributions to Coral Reef Science--Robert A. Kinzie III

From Steady State to Stochastic Systems: The Revolution in Coral Reef Biology--Patricia Mather

Coral Reefs, Science, and Politics: Relationships and Criteria for Decisions over Two Centuries--A French Case History--Bernard Salvat

10. Plate Tectonics

Evolution of the Tectogene Concept, 1930-1965--Alan O. Allwardt

The Accreted Terrane Controversy, or Continental Geologists Strike Back--Homer E. LeGrand and William Glen

Gravity Surveys in the "Permanent" Ocean Basins: An Instrumental Chink in a Theoretical Suit of Armor--Naomi Oreskes

Geological Mapping of the Deep-Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands, Using Sidescan and Swath Sonar Imaging, 1966-1992--J. B. Wilson and W. R. Normark

11. Archival Resources for the History of Oceanography

Resources for the Study of Oceanography at the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography--Deborah Day

Sources for the History of Oceanography at the Smithsonian Institution at the National Archives--Pamela M. Henson

The Stazione Zoologica: A Clearing House for Marine Organisms--Christiane Groeben

Index

About the Author

Keith R. Benson is professor of history at the University of Washington. Philip F. Rehbock was professor of history at the University of Hawaii.