1 Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Evolution of Chemistry
CRITICAL THINKING Rise
and Fall of a Theory
1.2 Modern Chemistry
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
“Worth your Salt?”
1.3 Learning Chemistry
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
2 Scientific Measurements
2.1 Uncertainty in Measurements
2.2 Significant Digits
2.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits
2.4 Adding and Subtracting Measurements
2.5 Multiplying and Dividing Measurements
2.6 Exponential Numbers
2.7 Scientific Notation
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A
Student Success Story
2.8 Unit Equations and Unit Factors
2.9 Unit Analysis Problem Solving
CRITICAL THINKING World
Trade Center
2.10 The Percent Concept
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
The Coinage Metals
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
3 The Metric System
3.1 Basic Units and Symbols
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Nanotechnology
3.2 Metric Conversion Factors
3.3 Metric–Metric Conversions
3.4 Metric–English Conversions
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
The Olympics
3.5 Volume by Calculation
3.6 Volume by Displacement
3.7 The Density Concept
CRITICAL THINKING Lower
Gasoline Bills
3.8 Temperature
3.9 Heat and Specific Heat
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
4 Matter and Energy
4.1 Physical States of Matter
4.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
4.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements
CRITICAL THINKING
Aluminum or Aluminium?
4.4 Metals, Nonmetals, and
Semimetals
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Elements 104 and Beyond
4.5 Compounds and Chemical Formulas
4.6 Physical and Chemical Properties
4.7 Physical and Chemical Changes
4.8 Conservation of Mass
4.9 Potential and Kinetic Energy
4.10 Conservation of Energy
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Recycling Aluminum
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
5 Models of the Atom
5.1 Dalton Model of the Atom
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
John Dalton
5.2 Thomson Model of the Atom
5.3 Rutherford Model of the Atom
5.4 Atomic Notation
5.5 Atomic Mass
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Heavy Water
5.6 The Wave Nature of Light
5.7 The Quantum Concept
5.8 Bohr Model of the Atom
CRITICAL THINKING Neon
Lights
5.9 Energy Levels and Sublevels
5.10 Electron Configuration
5.11 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
6 The Periodic Table
6.1 Classification of Elements
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Dmitri Mendeleev
6.2 The Periodic Law Concept
6.3 Groups and Periods of Elements
CRITICAL THINKING IUPAC
Group Numbers
6.4 Periodic Trends
6.5 Properties of Elements
6.6 Blocks of Elements
6.7 Valence Electrons
6.8 Electron Dot Formulas
6.9 Ionization Energy
6.10 Ionic Charges
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Evolution of Chemical Elements
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
7 Language of Chemistry
7.1 Classification of Compounds
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Antoine and Marie Lavoisier
7.2 Monoatomic Ions
7.3 Polyatomic Ions
7.4 Writing Chemical Formulas
CRITICAL THINKING
Nutritional Potassium
7.5 Binary Ionic Compounds
7.6 Ternary Ionic Compounds
7.7 Binary Molecular Compounds
7.8 Binary Acids
7.9 Ternary Oxyacids
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
IUPAC Nomenclature
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
8 Chemical Reactions
8.1 Evidence for Chemical Reactions
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Fireworks
8.2 Writing Chemical Equations
8.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
8.4 Classifying Chemical Reactions
8.5 Combination Reactions
8.6 Decomposition Reactions
8.7 The Activity Series Concept
8.8 Single-Replacement Reactions
8.9 Solubility Rules
8.10 Double-Replacement Reactions
8.11 Neutralization Reactions
CRITICAL THINKING
Household Chemicals
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
9 The Mole Concept
9.1 Avogadro’s Number
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Analogies for Avogadro’s Number
9.2 Mole Calculations I
9.3 Molar Mass
9.4 Mole Calculations II
9.5 Molar Volume
9.6 Mole Calculations III
9.7 Percent Composition
9.8 Empirical Formula
9.9 Molecular Formula
CRITICAL THINKING
Avogadro’s Number
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
10 Chemical Equation Calculations
10.1 Interpreting a Chemical Equation
10.2 Mole–Mole Relationships
CRITICAL THINKING Iron
vs. Steel
10.3 Types of Stoichiometry Problems
10.4 Mass–Mass Problems
10.5 Mass–Volume Problems
10.6 Volume–Volume Problems
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Manufacturing Ammonia
10.7 The Limiting Reactant Concept
10.8 Limiting Reactant Problems
10.9 Percent Yield
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
11 The Gaseous State
11.1 Properties of Gases
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
The Greenhouse Effect
11.2 Atmospheric Pressure
11.3 Variables Affecting Gas Pressure
11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure–Volume
Relationships
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Robert Boyle
11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume–Temperature
Relationships
11.6 Gay–Lussac’s Law: Pressure–Temperature
Relationships
11.7 Combined Gas Law
11.8 The Vapor Pressure Concept
11.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
11.10 Ideal Gas Behavior
11.11 Ideal Gas Law
CRITICAL THINKING
Conceptualizing Gases
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
12 Chemical Bonding
12.1 The Chemical Bond Concept
12.2 Ionic Bonds
12.3 Covalent Bonds
12.4 Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules
12.5 Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic
Ions
12.6 Polar Covalent Bonds
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Linus Pauling
12.7 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
12.8 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
12.9 Hydrogen Bonds
12.10 Shapes of Molecules
CRITICAL THINKING
Diamond vs. Graphite
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
13 Liquids and Solids
13.1 Properties of Liquids
13.2 The Intermolecular Bond Concept
13.3 Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point,
Viscosity,
Surface Tension
13.4 Properties of Solids
13.5 Crystalline Solids
13.6 Changes of Physical State
13.7 Structure of Water
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Water Purification
13.8 Physical Properties of Water
13.9 Chemical Properties of Water
13.10 Hydrates
CRITICAL THINKING
Bottled Water
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
14 Solutions
14.1 Gases in Solution
14.2 Liquids in Solution
14.3 Solids in Solution
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Colloids
14.4 The Dissolving Process
14.5 Rate of Dissolving
14.6 Solubility and Temperature
14.7 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated
Solutions
14.8 Mass/Mass Percent Concentration
14.9 Molar Concentration
CRITICAL THINKING Water
Fluoridation
14.10 Dilution of a Solution
14.11 Solution Stoichiometry
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
15 Acids and Bases
15.1 Properties of Acids and Bases
15.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Svante Arrhenius
15.3 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
15.4 Acid–Base Indicators
15.5 Acid–Base Titrations
15.6 Acid–Base Standardization
15.7 Ionization of Water
15.8 The pH Concept
15.9 Advanced pH Calculations
CRITICAL THINKING Acid
Rain
15.10 Strong and Weak Electrolytes
15.11 Net Ionic Equations
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
16 Chemical Equilibrium
16.1 Collision Theory
16.2 Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions
16.3 The Chemical Equilibrium Concept
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
The Ozone Hole
16.4 General Equilibrium Constant, Keq
16.5 Equilibria Shifts for Gases
16.6 Ionization Equilibrium Constant, Ki
16.7 Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and
Bases
16.8 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant,
Ksp
16.9 Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble
Compounds
Summary
• Key Concepts
Key Terms
• Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
17 Oxidation and Reduction
17.1 Oxidation Numbers
17.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
17.3 Balancing Redox Equations:
Oxidation Number Method
17.4 Balancing Redox Equations:
Half–Reaction Method
17.5 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
17.6 Voltaic Cells
17.7 Electrolytic Cells
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Hybrid Vehicles
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
18 Nuclear Chemistry
18.1 Natural Radioactivity
18.2 Nuclear Equations
18.3 Radioactive Decay Series
18.4 Radioactive Half–Life
18.5 Applications of Radionuclides
CRITICAL THINKING
Nuclear Medicine
18.6 Induced Radioactivity
18.7 Nuclear Fission
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Nuclear Power Plant
18.8 Nuclear Fusion
Summary
• Key Concepts
Key Terms
• Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
19 Organic Chemistry
19.1 Hydrocarbons
19.2 Alkanes
19.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
19.4 Arenes
19.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
19.6 Organic Halides
19.7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
19.8 Amines
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones
19.10 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Forensic Chemistry
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
20 Biochemistry
20.1 Biological Compounds
20.2 Proteins
20.3 Enzymes
20.4 Carbohydrates
20.5 Lipids
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION
Vitamins
20.6 Nucleic Acids
CRITICAL THINKING Left- and
Right-Handed Molecules
Summary
• Key Terms • Exercises
Chapter Self-Test
Appendices
A Weights and Measures
B Physical Constants
C Activity Series of
Metals
D Solubility Rules for Ionic
Compounds
E Vapor Pressure of Water
F Properties of Water
G Answers to Concept
Exercises
H Answers to Key Term
Exercises
I Answers to Odd-Numbered
Exercises
J Answers to Chapter
Self-Tests
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index
Charles H. Corwin has spent over 30 years teaching chemistry
to over 10,000 students. He has taught general chemistry, organic
chemistry, and quantitative analysis, but has focused primarily on
introductory chemistry for the personal rewards it offers.
Corwin took his degrees at San Jose State University, where he was
a member of Tau Delta Phi honor society. Early in his career, he
was awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study
instructional innovations at Grand Valley State University.
Currently, he is a professor of chemistry at American River
College, where he was recognized as Teacher of the Year in 1994. He
is also the recipient of an Alumni Teaching award from Purdue
University.
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