Table of Contents

List of Tables viii List of Boxes ix Abbreviations x Acknowledgements xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The EU's foreign policy objectives 3 1.2 Obstacles to a common EU foreign policy 9 1.3 The potential for a common EU foreign policy 12 1.4 A distinctive international identity? 16 1.5 Outline of the book 23 2 The Evolution of the EU as an International Actor 25 2.1 The structure of the EU 27 2.2 Origins of the three pillars 29 2.3 The European Community pillar 33 2.4 The CFSP pillar 38 2.5 The JHA pillar 49 Conclusion 53 3 The EU's Foreign Policy Instruments 54 3.1 Economic instruments 55 3.2 Diplomatic instruments 63 3.3 Military instruments 72 3.4 Consistency 73 Conclusion 74 4 Regional Cooperation 76 4.1 Regional cooperation within the EU 77 4.2 Regional cooperation as an EU foreign policy objective 79 4.3 How does the EU defi ne regional cooperation? 98 4.4 How does the EU encourage regional cooperation? 99 4.5 Evaluation 106 Conclusion 109 5 Human Rights 111 5.1 The protection of human rights within the EU 112 5.2 Human rights as an EU foreign policy objective 116 5.3 How does the EU defi ne human rights? 124 5.4 How does the EU pursue the human rights objective? 127 5.5 Inconsistency in the EU's human rights policy 137 Conclusion 140 6 Democracy and Good Governance 142 6.1 Democracy and good governance within the EU 144 6.2 Democracy and good governance as EU foreign policy objectives 147 6.3 How does the EU defi ne democracy and good governance? 153 6.4 How does the EU pursue the objectives? 156 6.5 How consistent is the EU's policy? 165 Conclusion 167 7 Conflict Prevention 169 7.1 Conflict prevention within the EU 171 7.2 Conflict prevention as an EU foreign policy objective 173 7.3 What does the EU mean by conflict prevention? 180 7.4 How does the EU pursue the objective? 181 7.5 Evaluation 200 Conclusion 202 8 The Fight against International Crime 204 8.1 The fi ght against international crime as an internal and external policy objective 206 8.2 How does the EU defi ne international crime? 215 8.3 How does the EU pursue the objective? 217 8.4 Evaluation 227 Conclusion 229 9 Conclusion 230 9.1 How unique an international actor is the EU? 230 9.2 How important are the objectives for the EU? 235 9.3 How effective an international actor is the EU? 237 Appendix 1 CFSP decisions, 1993-2007 241 Appendix 2 Negative measures imposed by the EU for violations of human rights and democratic principles in third countries since 1988 244 Notes 251 References 293 Index 320

About the Author

Karen Smith is Reader in International Relations at the London School of Economics.

Reviews

"The book is very clearly written and its arguments are always logical and straight-forward. While being theoretically informed it is also very rich in empirical data regarding different aspects of European foreign policy." International Spectator "Karen Smith may ask the same basic questions as she did in the original edition of this work in 2003, but that is because they remain fundamental to the evolution of the EU as a foreign policy actor. What makes this an invaluable new edition is that Smith includes a mass of new material, both academic (including her own more detailed work on human rights) and documentary, to deepen as well as update her analysis. And it remains probably the best and most clearly written introduction to European foreign policies and foreign policy-making we have clear and succinct, logical and reasonable in its judgements and, at all times, utterly relevant." Geoffrey Edwards, University of Cambridge "This excellent book smoothly guides the readers through the labyrinth of European foreign policy. Smith does not speculate on what constitutes the EU; rather she tries to show its work in international relations and the resulting effects. Her comprehensive treatment of foreign policy casts a bright light on the range of Europe's external engagements: from conflict prevention, regional cooperation and the fight against international crime, to protection and promotion of human rights, good governance and democracy. She emphasizes the EU's leverage and normative commitment while also revealing its institutional complexity and lack of consistency. This work is a truly impressive achievement which can be highly recommended to all students of European politics." Jan Zielonka, European Studies Centre, University of Oxford "Astutely avoiding the inconclusive debates that attempt to characterize the EU's global role, Smith opts instead for an empirically rich and theoretically informed analysis of what the EU actually does. She provides a comprehensive framework for exploring why and how and how well the EU pursues a range of foreign policy objectives. Written with unusual clarity and authority, Smith's conclusions about the distinctiveness of the EU in world affairs are knowledgeable, well-supported, and compelling." Katie Verlin Laatikainen, Adelphi University