Table of Contents

Chapter 1 History of Echocardiography

• Development of Various Echocardiographic Technologies
• Recording Echocardiograms
• Cardiac Sonographers
• Echocardiographic Education and Organizations
• References
• 
  Chapter 2 Physics and Instrumentation
  
• Physical Principles
• Interaction Between Ultrasound and Tissue
• The Transducer
• Manipulating the Ultrasound Beam
• Resolution
• Creating the Image
• Transmitting Ultrasound Energy
• Display Options
• Tradeoffs in Image Creation
• Signal Processing
• Tissue Harmonic Imaging
• Artifacts
• Doppler Echocardiography
• Biologic Effects of Ultrasound
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 3 Specialized Echocardiographic Techniques and Methods
  
• Imaging Devices and Methods
• Doppler Interrogation
• Doppler Tissue Imaging
• Speckle Tracking
• Tissue Characterization
• Acquisition of Cardiac Ultrasound Information
• The Digital Echo Laboratory
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 4 Contrast Echocardiography
  
• Source of Ultrasound Contrast
• Contrast Agents
• Clinical Use
• Ultrasound Interaction with Contrast Agents
• Detection Methods
• Contrast Artifacts
• Detection and Utilization of Intracavitary Contrast
• Detection of Miscellaneous Conditions
• Myocardial Perfusion Contrast Echocardiography
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 5 The Echocardiographic Examination
  
• Selecting the Transducers
• Patient Position
• Placement of the Transducer
• An Approach to the Transthoracic Examination
• Parasternal Long-Axis Views
• Parasternal Short-Axis Views
• Apical Views
• The Subcostal Examination
• Suprasternal Views
• Orientation of Two-Dimensional Images
• Echocardiographic Measurements
• Left Ventricular Wall Segments
• M-Mode Examination
• Transesophageal Echocardiography
• Transesophageal Echocardiographic Views
• Echocardiography as a Screening Test
• Training in Echocardiography
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 6 Evaluation of Systolic Function of the Left Ventricle
  
• General Principles
• Linear Measurements
• Two-dimensional Measurements
• Regional Left Ventricular Function
• Doppler Evaluation of Global Left Ventricular Function
• Conclusion
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 7 Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function
  
• Normal Diastolic Function
• Stages of Diastolic Dysfunction
• Echo-Doppler Parameters of Diastolic Function
• A Comprehensive Approach to Diastolic Dysfunction
• Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressures
• Stress Testing to Assess Diastolic Function
• The Differential Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Normal Ejection Fraction
• Evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction in Specific Patient Groups
• Prognosis in Patients with Diastolic Dysfunction
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 8 Left and Right Atrium, and Right Ventricle
  
• Left Atrium
• Atrial Septum
• Pulmonary Veins
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Suggested Readings
• 
  Chapter 9 Hemodynamics
  
• Use of M-Mode and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
• Quantifying Blood Flow
• Clinical Application of Blood Flow Measurement
• Measuring Pressure Gradients
• Applications of the Bernoulli Determining Pressure Half-Time
• The Continuity Equation
• Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area
• 
  abbreviated Table of Contents