Table of Contents

FOUNDATIONS Historical Perspectives Anita Everett Determinants of Disparities Altha J. Stewart DISPARITIES AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS African Americans Annelle B. Primm and William B. Lawson Hispanic Americans Renato D. Alarcon and Pedro Ruiz Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Francis G. Lu American Indians and Alaska Natives Jay H. Shore and Spero M. Manson DISPARITIES AMONG GENDER AND SEXUAL MINORITIES Women Caroline F. Fisher and Roslyn Seligman Gay Men Jack Drescher Lesbians Nimisha Gokaldas Bisexuals Serena Yuan Volpp Transgender Persons Richard R. Pleak DISPARITIES AMONG AGE GROUPS Children and Adolescents Andres J. Pumariega Adulthood Ann Marie Sullivan and Charles T. Barron Older Adults Maria D. Llorente, Vernon I. Nathaniel, and Shunda McGahee DISPARITIES AMONG SPECIAL POPULATIONS Migrants and Refugees Joe Westermeyer, Michael Hollifeld, and Jose Canive Rural Populations Suzanne Vogel-Scibilia Addicted Populations Beny J. Primm, Warren W. Hewitt, Jr., Annelle B. Primm, and Marisela B. Gomez Incarcerated Populations Henry C. Weinstein Chronic Mental Illness Jacqueline Maus Feldman Disabled Populations Alex Kopelowicz, Steven R. Lopez, and William A. Vega Mentally Ill Populations Suzanne Vogel-Scibilia ADDRESSING DISPARITIES The Culturally-Sensitive Evaluation Ora Nakash, Daniel Rosen, and Margarita Alegria The Role of Cultural Competence Russell F. Lim The Role of Emergency Care Benedicto Borja and Steven S. Sharfstein "Providers" and Disparities Rodrigo A. Munoz and Harold Eist The Role of Quality of Care John M. Oldham and John S. McIntyre Non-Medical Human Services and Alternative Medicine William Sribney, Katherine Elliott, Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola, and Hendry Ton Disparities in Education Evaristo Akerele, Niru Nahar, and Ada Ikeako The Role of Continuing Medical Education Carlyle H. Chan and Joseph B. Layde Ethnic and Racial Group-Specific Considerations Margarita Alegria, Meghan Woo, David Takeuchi, and James Jackson The Role of Parity Robert C. Bransfield and Douglas R. Bransfield Global Perspective Mario Maj and David Baron The Need for Universal Access to Care Pedro Ruiz and Annelle B. Primm