Table of Contents

Descriptive Oceanography
Introduction
Physical Characteristics of the Oceans
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters
Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans
Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography
References and Further Reading Composition of the Major Components of Seawater
Introduction
Methods of Determination
Composition and Stoichiometry of Average Seawater
The Concept of Salinity
Methods of Determining Salinity
Causes of the Major Components Not Being Conservative
Isotopic Variations
References and Further Reading Minor Elements In Seawater
Classification of Elements
Residence Times
Distribution of Trace Elements in the Oceans
Biological Interactions
Geochemical Balance of Elements
References and Further Reading Ionic Interactions
Introduction
Water, the Unique Solvent
Review of the Structure of Water
Ion–Water Interactions
Ion-Ion Interactions
Physical Properties of Seawater
References and Further Reading Atmospheric Chemistry
Introduction
Nitrogen Gases
Greenhouse Gases
Effects of Global Change
Loss of Ozone
The Global Sulfur Cycle
References and Further Reading Dissolved Gases Other than CO2
Introduction
Composition of the Atmosphere
Dissolution of Gases in Seawater
Air–Sea Exchange
Nonreactive Gases
Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater
Other Nonconservative Gases
Structural Aspects of the Solubility of Gases
Further Reading The Carbonate System
Introduction
Acid-Base Equilibria in Seawater
Equilibria of Carbonate Species
Parameters of the CO2 System in Seawater
Distribution of Carbonate Species
CaCO3 Dissolution in Seawater
Fossil Fuel CO2 Input to the Oceans
Further Reading Micronutrients in the Oceans
Introduction
Phosphorus in Seawater
Nitrogen Compounds in Seawater
Silicon in Seawater
Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers
Further Reading Primary Production in the Oceans
Primary Production
The Iron Hypothesis
Microbial Transformations
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Compounds in Seawater
Further Reading Processes in the Oceans
Photochemical Processes in Seawater
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry
Anoxic Waters
Further Reading
Appendices
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms