Part I.
Introduction 2
Understanding Structural Diagrams of Organic Molecules 4
Some Common Molecules 23
Proteins and Three-Dimensional Protein Structure 26
Some of the Protein Structures That Appear in This Book 32
Part II. Inflammatory, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Acetylsalicylic acid (AspirinTM) 38
Naproxen (AleveTM) 39
How Do Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Work? 40
Other Eicosanoids in Inflammation 41
An Overview of Inflammation 42
Celecoxib (CelebrexTM) 43
Prednisone (DeltasoneTM) 44
Methotrexate (TrexallTM) 46
Allopurinol (ZyloprimTM) 47
Antiasthmatic and Antiallergic Agents
Salmeterol (SereventTM) 50
Fluticasone Propionate (FloventTM) 51
Montelukast Sodium (SingulairTM) 52
Tiotropium Bromide (SpirivaTM) 53
Loratadine (ClaritinTM) 54
Type 2 Diabetes
An Overview of Metabolic Syndrome 56
Antidiabetic and Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
Metformin (GlucophageTM) 60
Glipizide (GlucotrolTM) 61
Pioglitazone (ActosTM) 62
Sitagliptin (JanuviaTM) 63
Atorvastatin (LipitorTM) 64
Ezetimibe (ZetiaTM) 65
Cardiovascular Agents
Atenolol (TenorminTM) 68
Enalapril (VasotecTM) 69
Candesartan Cilexetil (AtacandTM) 70
Aliskiren (TekturnaTM) 71
Amlodipine (NorvascTM) 72
Nitroglycerin 73
Clopidogrel Bisulfate (PlavixTM) 74
Digoxin (LanoxinTM) 75
Receptors and Signaling
Information Flow into the Cell by Chemical Signaling 78
References for Part II 80
Part III. Reproductive Medicine
Oral Contraceptives 90
Testosterone 91
Mifepristone (MifeprexTM) 92
Oxytocin (OxytocinTM) 93
Sildenafil (ViagraTM) 94
Osteoporosis
Some Aspects of Osteoporosis 96
Alendronate (FosamaxTM) 97
Calcitriol (RocaltrolTM) 98
Raloxifene (EvistaTM) 99
Teriparatide (ForteoTM) 100
Glaucoma and Antiulcer Agents
Latanoprost (XalatanTM) 102
Ranitidine (ZantacTM) 103
Omeprazole (PrilosecTM) 104
References for Part III 105
Part IV. Autoimmune Disease and Organ Transplant
A Brief Survey of the Immune System 112
Immunosuppressive Agents
Azathioprine (ImuranTM) 122
Mycophenolate Mofetil (CeIlCeptTM) 123
Cyclosporin (NeoralTM) 124
Tacrolimus (PrografTM) 125
FTY720 (Fingolimod) 126
Infectious Diseases
Antibiotics
Amoxicillin (AmoxilTM) 130
Cefaclor (CeclorTM) 132
Doxycycline (VibramycinTM) 133
Azithromycin (ZithromaxTM) 134
Ciprofloxacin (CiproTM) 135
Trimethoprim (TriprimTM) 136
Amikacin (AmikinTM) 137
Vancomycin (VancocinTM) 138
Linezolid (ZyvoxTM) 139
Isoniazid (LaniazidTM) 140
Ancillary Antibiotics 142
Drug Resistance 143
Antiviral Agents
On Viruses and Viral Diseases 146
Acyclovir (ZoviraxTM) 148
Ribavirin (VirazoleTM) 149
Oseltamivir (TamifluTM) 150
Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZTTM) 151
Zalcitabine (HividTM) 152
Nevirapine (ViramuneTM) 153
Efavirenz (SustivaTM) 154
Lopinavir + Ritonavir (KaletraTM) 155
UK427857 (Maraviroc) 156
Antifungal Agents
Amphotericin (FungizoneTM) 160
Fluconazole (DiflucanTM) 161
Caspofungin (CancidasTM) 162
Terbinafine (LamisilTM) 163
Antimalarial and Antiparasitic Agents
Parasitic Diseases: A Focus on Malaria 166
Chloroquine (ArdenTM) 167
Artemether + Lumefantrine (CoArtemTM) 168
Atovaquone + Proguanil (MalaroneTM) 169
Miltefosine (I mpavidoTM) 170
Nitazoxanide (AliniaTM) 171
Ivermectin (StromectolTM) 172
References for Part IV 173
Part V. Malignant Disease
An Overview of Cancer 184
Capecitabine (XelodaTM) 187
Carboplatin (ParaplatinTM) 188
Vinblastine (VelbanTM) 189
Paclitaxel (TaxolTM) 190
Cyclophosphamide (CytoxanTM) 191
Tamoxifen (NolvadexTM) 192
Irinotecan (CamptosarTM) 193
Bleomycin (BlenoxaneTM) 194
Imatinib (GleevecTM) 195
Sunitinib (SutentTM) 196
Bortezomib (VelcadeTM) 197
Ancillary Anticancer Agents 198
References for Part V 200
Part VI. Drugs Acting on the Nervous System
Pain and Analgesia
Lidocaine (XylocaineTM) 208
Morphine (AvinzaTM) 209
Acetaminophen (Tylenol TM) 210
Fentanyl (DuragesicTM) 211
Sodium Thiopental (Sodium PentothalTM) 212
Gabapentin (NeurontinTM) 213
Diazepam (ValiumTM) 214
Sumatriptan (ImitrexTM) 215
Hypnotics (Insomnia) and Antismoking
Zolpidem (AmbienTM) 218
Ramelteon (RozeremTM) 219
Varenicline (ChantixTM) 220
The Brain, Neurotransmission and Molecular Neurotransmitters 221
Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases
Levodopa (LarodopaTM) 224
Donepezil (AriceptTM) 225
Antiepileptic Agents 226
Antianxiety Agents 228
Antidepressants 229
Antipsychotics 232
References for Part VI 233
Glossary 237
Index 249
E. J. Corey has been a Professor at Harvard University since 1959. He was educated at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1945-1950) and served as a faculty member at the University of Illinois from1951 to 1959. He is the 1990 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, and the recipient of over seventy international awards and honorary degrees, including the U.S. National Medal of Science, the Japan Prize in Science, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society. He is amember of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Institute of Medicine. Professor Corey is the author of more than 1,000 publications and is one of the most cited authors in science.
Barbara Czakó completed undergraduate studies at the University of Debrecen, Hungary, where she worked with Dr. Sándor Berényi. She obtained a Master of Science degree at the University of Missouri-Columbia with Professor Shon R. Pulley. Dr. Czakó received her Ph.D. degree (2006) in synthetic organic chemistry under the guidance of Professor Gary A. Molander at the University of Pennsylvania. Currently she is a postdoctoral fellow with Professor E.J. Corey at Harvard University. In 2005 she published with László Kürti the textbook Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis.
László Kürti was born and raised in Hungary. He received his diploma from the University of Debrecen, Hungary, where he conducted research in the laboratory of Professor Sándor Antus. Subsequently he received his Master of Science degree at the University of Missouri-Columbia working with Professor Michael Harmata, and his Ph.D. degree (2006) in synthetic organic chemistry under the supervision of Professor Amos B. Smith III (the University of Pennsylvania). Currently he is a Damon Runyon Cancer Fellow in the group of Professor E.J. Corey at Harvard University. In 2005 he published with Barbara Czakó the textbook Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis.
“Molecules and Medicine is a fascinating introduction to the convergence of chemistry and physiology, and to the emergence of the science of molecular medicine.” (The Nucleus, January 2010) "Molecules and Medicine is extremely well organized and integrates history, chemistry, biology, and pharmacology of drug development seamlessly." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, September 2008) "…I find this to be a useful book for somemone teaching a biochemistry class. Use of examples and information from Molecules and Medicine should make material in lectures seem more relevant to students and assist motivation for learning." (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, May/June 2008) "This is a treasure trove of information about molecules as medicines." (Education in Chemistry, May 2008) "Molecules and Medicine is an engaging book that takes the reader into the world of small molecule clinical therapeutics and how they are discovered and used to improve health." (CHOICE, March 2008) "…numerous colorful illustrations that help to explain the various topics covered make it easy and interesting reading." (ChemBioChem, March 2008)
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