Table of Contents

Figures, Tables, and Exhibits xi

Preface xvii

About the Editors xxi

About the Contributors xxiii

1 Introduction to Risk Assessment in Public Health 1
Mark Robson and Fred Ellerbusch

2 The Risk Assessment?Risk Management Paradigm 11
Gilbert S. Omenn

3 Risk Assessment and Regulatory Decision Making in Environmental Health 31
Felicia Wu and William H. Farland

4 Toxicological Basis for Risk Assessment 55
Tee L. Guidotti and Marina S. Moses

5 The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Risk Assessment 85
Raymond S. H. Yang and Yasong Lu

6 Probabilistic Models for Characterizing Aggregate and Cumulative Risk 121
John L. Adgate and Gurumurthy Ramachandran

7 Molecular Tools for Risk Assessment 155
William A. Toscano and Chisato Mori

8 Comparative Risk Assessment 173
Michele Morrone

9 Risk in the Workplace: Where Analysis Began and Problems Remain Unsolved 187
Adam M. Finkel and P. Barry Ryan

10 Radiological Risk Assessment 239
Ronald O. Rahn and Arthur C. Upton

11 Microbial Risk Assessment 285
Rebecca T. Parkin

12 Children?s Risk Assessment 315
Natalie C. G. Freeman

13 Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Throughout the Life Stages: Requirements and Issues to Consider for Birth Cohort Studies 345
Dana B. Barr, Richard Y. Wang, and Larry L. Needham

14 Overview of Environmental Public Health Laws and Their Relation to Risk 383
Russellyn S. Carruth and Bernard D. Goldstein

15 Why Risk Assessment Is Not Enough to Protect Health: Rationale for a Precautionary Approach to Science and Policy 423
Joel A. Tickner

16 Risk Communication 463
Susan L. Santos

CASE STUDIES IN RISK ASSESSMENT

17 Improvement of Risk Assessments for Multicontaminant Sites in the Face of Critical Data Gaps 489
Yoram Cohen and Adrienne Katner

18 Intraspecies Differences in Acute Acrylonitrile Toxicity 511
Gwendolyn Ball, Clif McLellan, and Lori Bestervelt

19 Drinking Water Contamination by Perchlorates from Department of Defense Rocket Fuel Facilities 517
Terry Gratton and Norman Trieff

20 Multi-Pathway Risk Assessment for Children Living Near a Hazardous Waste Site 523
Serap Erdal

21 Child with Asthma Living in a Moisture-Damaged Home 531
Myrtis Sullivan

22 Endocrine Disruption Through Phthalates/Plasticizers 541
Christine Ziebold

23 Estimation of Health and Safety Risks from Exposure to Chlorine and Chloroform for Swimmers in Pools 547
Richard P. Hubner

24 U-Shaped Dose-Response Curve for Risk Assessment of Essential Trace Elements: Copper as a Case Study 555
Bonnie Ransom Stern

25 Ecosystem Risk Assessment: The Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina 563
Craig A. Stow, Mark E. Borsuk, and Kenneth H. Reckhow

26 The Ohio Comparative Risk Project 587
Michele Morrone

27 Community-Based Risk Assessment: DDT Contamination in Triana, Alabama 597
Padma Tadi-Uppala

Name Index 605

Subject Index 611

About the Author

Mark G. Robson, Ph.D., M.P.H., is director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station and profesor of entomology at Rutgers University, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, New Jersey. William A. Toscano, Ph.D., is professor and division head, Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Association of Schools of Public Health (ASPH), sponsor, is the only national organization representing the deans, faculty, and students of the CEPH accredited schools of Public Health in the United States and Mexico.