List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Preface and Acknowledgments (and a Caveat) xii
Part I Bilingual Education for All 1
1 Introducing Bilingual Education 3
Scenarios 3
Introduction 5
What Is Bilingual Education? 5
Beneficiaries and Reasons 11
Geopolitics and Language Orientations 13
Summary 16
Conclusion 17
Part II Bilingualism and Education 19
2 Languaging and Education 21
Introduction 22
Language Constructions 23
Languaging 31
Conclusion 40
3 Bilingualism and Translanguaging 42
Introduction 43
Bilingualism and Translanguaging 44
Models of Bilingualism 51
Questioning Assumptions 56
Bilingual Abilities 61
Bilingual Development 63
Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Considerations 67
Conclusion 71
4 The Sociopolitics of Bilingualism 73
Introduction 73
Transglossia 75
Language Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization 80
Language Ideologies 82
Language Policy as Right and Resource 84
Conclusion 91
5 Benefits of Bilingualism 93
Introduction 94
Cognitive Advantages 94
Social Advantages 97
Intervening Factors 101
Conclusion 107
Part III Bilingual Education Policy 109
6 Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types 111
Introduction: The Social Context 112
Bilingual Education Models? 113
Bilingual Education Theoretical Frameworks 115
Bilingual Education Types 123
Conclusion 135
7 Bilingual Education: Factors and Variables 137
by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 137
Situational Factor 138
Operational Factor 146
Outcome Factor 152
Integrating Situational, Operational, and Outcome Factors 156
Conclusion 157
8 U.S. Language Policy in Education 159
Introduction 159
The Past 160
The Present 174
Conclusion 193
9 Language Promotion by European Supra-national Institutions
197
by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 197
The Council of Europe 198
The European Commission 204
Bilingual Education: CLIL/EMILE 208
Conclusion 216
10 Monoglossic Bilingual Education Policy 218
Introduction 219
Policies for Transition: Transitional Bilingual Education 221
Policies for Maintenance and Enrichment: Maintenance Bilingual Education 231
Policies for Enrichment of Social Elite: Prestigious Bilingual Education 236
Policy for Enrichment of Language Majorities: Immersion Bilingual Education 237
Conclusion 240
11 Heteroglossic Bilingual Education Policy 244
by Ofelia García and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, with contributions by
Debra Cole and Zeena Zakharia
Introduction 245
Policies for Language Revitalization: Immersion Revitalization Bilingual Education 247
Policies for Development of Minority Languages: Developmental Bilingual Education 251
Policy for Plurilingualism across Groups: Poly-Directional or Two-Way Bilingual Education (Dual Language) 257
Policies for Plurilingualism within Groups: CLIL and CLIL-Type Bilingual Education 264
Policies for Multiple Languages: Multiple Multilingual Education 266
Conclusion 280
Part IV Bilingual Education Practices 287
12 Bilingualism in the Curriculum 289
Introduction 289
Bilingual Allocation 290
Bilingual Arrangements 291
Bilingual Practices: Translanguaging 304
Models of Bilingual Teaching 308
Conclusion 309
13 Bilingual Education Pedagogy and Practices 312
Introduction 312
Bilingual Education Approaches and Methods 313
Principles and Practices of Bilingual Education Pedagogy 318
Strategies: Scaffolding 329
Conclusion 335
14 Biliteracy Practices and Pedagogy 337
Introduction 337
A Sociocultural Approach 338
The Continua of Biliteracy 340
Models of Biliteracy Use 342
Biliteracy Sequencing 344
Written Language and Texts 346
Instructional Approaches 351
The Biliteracy Workshop 354
Conclusion 364
15 Assessment of Bilinguals 366
by Ofelia García and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 366
The Power of Assessment 367
Assessing Bilinguals 369
Democratic Assessment for Bilinguals 378
Conclusion 378
Part V Bilingual Education for the Twenty-first Century 381
Conclusion 383
Appendix: Myths and Realities 390
by Cristina Muir, Yesenia Morales, Lori Falchi, and Ofelia
García
Notes 395
Bibliography 410
Author Index 459
Subject Index 466
Ofelia García is Professor of Urban Education at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She has been Professor of Bilingual Education at Columbia University's Teachers College, and at The City College of New York; and has been Dean of the School of Education in the Brooklyn Campus of Long Island University. Among her publications are Imagining Multilingual Schools (with T. Skutnabb-Kangas and M. Torres-Guzmán), A Reader in Bilingual Education (with C. Baker), Language Loyalty, Continuity and Change: Joshua Fishman's Contributions to International Sociolinguistics (with Rakhmiel Peltz and Harold Schiffman), and The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City (with J.A. Fishman). She is a Fellow of the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) in South Africa, and has been a Fulbright Scholar, and a Spencer Fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Education.
“Aside from the conceptual issues highlighted above, the detailed
discussions of multilingual education policy alone make the book
worth buying for scholars of language in education issues.”
(Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 10 April 2012) "It goes
without saying that the book has merit in the field of bilingual
education. It is not only a desirable material to have for all
scholars interested in furthering their understanding of this area.
Because of its comprehensive nature and its presentation of solid
arguments, it is also an ideal text to use in graduate and
undergraduate courses." (Applied Linguistics, 2011) "This book will
become a classic in the bilingual education literature. It provides
a comprehensive overview of bilingual education at the levels of
philosophy, policy, provision and practice. It has international
relevance, global understandings and is suitable for a worldwide
readership."
Colin Baker, Bangor University "Ofelia García writes with wisdom,
heart, and an unshakable conviction that bilingual education is the
best education for all children in today’s world. A must read for
educators everywhere."
Nancy Hornberger, University of Pennsylvania "Ofelia (and
Hugo) have unemployed a lot of researchers. After this book, there
is no need for another book on bi/multilingual education for a
decade. With its creativity, new conceptualisations, enormous
worldwide knowledge and unusual combination of path-breaking theory
and insider knowledge about schools, this is, The Book on bilingual
education."
Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, University of Roskilde
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