Table of Contents

Taxonomy and Systematics; Basic Components of Systematics; Aims of Systematics; Advancement Levels in Systematics; Systematics in Internet Revolution; Historical Background of Plant Classification; Classifications based on Gross Morphology; Sexual System; Natural Systems; Phylogenetic Systems; Botanical Nomenclature; Need for Scientific Names; History of Botanical Nomenclature; Principles of ICBN; Names of Taxa; The Type Method; Author Citation; Publication of Names; Rejection of Names; Principle of Priority; Names of Hybrids; Names of Cultivated Plants; Unified Biological Nomenclature; Descriptive Terminology; Habit and Life Span; Roots; Stems; Leaves; Inflorescence; Flower; Fruit; Floral Formula; Floral Diagram; Process of Identification; Specimen Preparation; Herbarium Methods; Identification Methods; Hierarchical Classifications; Taxonomic groups, Categories and Ranks; Utilization of Categories; Variation and Speciation; Types of Variation; Variance Analysis; Isolating Mechanisms; Speciation; Taxonomic Evidence; Morphology; Anatomy; Embryology; Micromorphology and Ultrastructure; Chromosomes; Chemotaxonomy; Molecular Systematics; Phenetic Methods: Taxometrics; Principles of Taxometrics; Operational Taxonomic Units; Taxonomic Characters; Measurement of Resemblance; Cluster Analysis; Ordination; Application of Numerical Taxonomy in Angiosperms; Phylogenetic Methods: Cladistics; Important Phylogenetic Terms and Concepts; Cladistic Methodology; Developing Classifications; Phylogeny of Angiosperms; Origin of Angiosperms; Basal Living Angiosperms; Evolutionary Trends; Major Systems of Classification; Bentham and Hooker; Engler and Hutchinson; John Hutchinson; Armen Takhtajan; Arthur Cronquist; Rolf Dahlgren; Robert Thorne; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group; Major Families of Angiosperms; Subclass: Magnoliidae; Alismatidae; Liliidae; Commelinididae; Ranunculidae; Hamamelididae; Caryophyllidae; Rosidae; Asteridae; Lamiidae; Plant Geography; Historical Development; Aims and Scope; Physical Geography of Earth; Static or Descriptive Phytogeography; Dynamic or Interpretive Phytogeography