Table of Contents

Part 1. Background / Introduction

Part 2. Terrestrial ecosystems

-Rural-urban gradient

-Elevation/climate gradient

-Land-use intensity gradient

-Impact gradients to terrestrial ecosystem services

Part 3. Urban ecosystems

-Inner-urban gradient

-Urban Green Infrastructure gradient

-Urban land-use intensity gradient

-Impact gradients to urban ecosystem services

Part 4. Marine-coastal ecosystems

-Land-sea gradients

-Marine Environmental and socio-economic gradients

-Sea-use intensity gradients
-Impact gradients to marine ecosystem services

About the Author

Ieva Misiune is an assistant professor at the Institute of Geosciences, Department of Geography and Land management at Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. She is a researcher with an expertise in urban ecosystem services and social-ecological systems. Her research interests relate to the demand of ecosystem services, people’s perceptions and their habits in the use of urban green spaces. Over the course of her studies and work, Ieva conducted a number of internships (Belgium, Netherlands, USA), participated in conferences and published scientific publications as well as participated in national and international research projects related to the analysis of the social-ecological systems. She is currently developing a postdoctoral project on the quality assessment of urban public green spaces and is involved in international project on citizen engagement in the planning and management of green infrastructure.

Daniel Depellegrin is currently senior researcher at the Institute of Aquatic Ecology (Ocean and Human Health Chair) of the University of Girona (Spain) and former research fellow at the University of Exeter (Renewable Energy Group, United Kingdom). His line of research spins around marine socio-ecological studies, decision support science for Maritime Spatial Planning and Ocean Multi-Use. He is author of over thirty scientific publications in the field of decision support instruments for Maritime Spatial Planning, cumulative effect assessment, marine ecosystem services assessment and artificial intelligence based geospatial modelling. Daniel has worked in various international Project Clusters in the Baltic Sea, Mediterranean and Atlantic Sea Region, among others H2020, NATO – Science for Peace & Security Programme and ERDF-INTERREG.

Lukas Egarter Vigl is a senior researcher at Institute for Alpine Environment at Eurac Research (Italy) and a lecturer in Environmental Geomatics at the University of Innsbruck (Austria). In his research Lukas explores why and how landscapes in mountains change in response to changes in management and climate, and what this means for human wellbeing and society at large. He answers these questions mainly using tools and concepts from ecology, geography, and agronomy, operating at multiple scales that range from the plot to the landscape level. Over the past 10 years, Lukas has been involved in a variety of international EU-funded projects at the human-nature interface, among other the AlpES-project (on Alpine Ecosystem Services mapping), the LUIGI-project (on Green Infrastructure and ecological connectivity) and the REBECKA-project (on climate change and land suitability). Currently, he is leading a research group that aims at better understanding the complex interactions between people and nature and at developing practical solutions to better manage our environment.