Acknowledgments
Cover Illustration
Introduction
1Citizenship in the Age of Revolutions
2The Terror and the Haitian Revolution
3A Comparative Approach to the ‘Atlantic Thermidor’
1‘The Kindred Spirit Tie of Congenial Principles’
1Rights Declarations and the Constitutional Framework of
Citizenship
2Converging Revolutionary Citizenship Ideals
3The French Revolution and the Heyday of a Transatlantic Ideal of
Citizenship
4Regimes of Exclusion
2Saint-Domingue, Rights and Empire
1The Logic of Rights and the Realm of Empire
2The Nation’s Colonial Citizens
3Slavery and Civic Inequality in the US before Saint-Domingue
3The Civilizational Limits of Citizenship
1The Enlightenment Language of Civilization
2Unity and Hierarchy in the French Empire
3Levelling Principles and Remorseless Savages
4The Turn Away from French Universalism
1Citizenship and Inequality in the Dutch Republican Empire
2‘The vile machinations of men calling themselves
philosophers’
3The French Colonial Thermidor
5Uniting ‘good’ Citizens in Thermidorian France
1The Revolutionary Political Culture of Citizenship, 1792–1794
2Good Citizen / Bad Citizen
3Isolating the Citizen
4What is a Good Citizen? Redefining Civic Virtues
5Narrowing Down Political Citizenship
6The Post-Revolutionary Contestation and Nationalization of
American Citizenship
1A Burgeoning Partisan Public Sphere
2‘Whether France is Saved or Ruined, is still Problematical’
3Political Societies, Faction, and the Limits of Democratic
Citizenship
4Anti-Jacobinism and the American Citizenship Model
7Forging the Batavian Citizen in a Post-Terror Revolution
1Portraying the Terror between Orangist Restoration and Batavian
Revolution
2Limiting Power, Protecting Rights: The Terror and the Need for a
Constitution
3Channelling the Participation of the People
4Nationalization
5The End of the Democratic-Republican Citizen
Epilogue. The Age of Revolutions as a Turning Point in the History
of Citizenship
Bibliography
Index
René Koekkoek is Assistant Professor in Political History at Utrecht University. His research focuses on the history of political thought and culture in the early-modern Atlantic world. This is his first book.
"René Koekkoek has written one of the most important, and most
provocative comparative studies of the late eighteenth-century
Atlantic Revolutions since R.R. Palmer's The Age of the Democratic
Revolution. Based on exhaustive research in original French, Dutch
and American sources, and written in exceptionally lucid prose, The
Citizen Experiment makes a bold argument about how the reaction to
the violence and perceived excesses of the French "reign of Terror"
and the Haitian Revolution led revolutionaries throughout the
Atlantic world to embrace far more narrowly national and
circumscribed ideas of citizenship than they had done at the start
of their respective revolutions. All historians of the period will
want to read, and engage with this book." - David A. Bell,
Princeton University
"The Citizenship Experiment presents a highly original study of the
American, French and Dutch eighteenth-century revolutions. Instead
of a traditional side-by-side comparison of the three revolutions,
René Koekkoek demonstrates that political ideas on citizenship and
equality circulated in an Atlantic political space and cannot be
well understood in national frameworks. Koekkoek identifies a
radical-democratic Atlantic historical moment in the early
seventeen-nineties, followed by a conservative turn impacted by the
Terror in France and the successful slave revolution in Haiti. His
book is an inspiring example of intercrossing history, highlighting
the entanglement of domestic and colonial politics in the making of
citizenship in the Age of Revolutions." - Siep Stuurman, author of
The Invention of Humanity: Equality and Cultural Difference in
World History (Harvard, 2017)
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