Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Preface

List of Tables

Abbreviations and Conventions



1 The Greek Reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥

 Introduction

 1.1 The Problem and Its Relevance

 1.2 Environments with a Common Greek or Proto-Greek Reflex αρ, αλ

 1.3 The o- and u-Colored Reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥ in the Environment *C_T

 1.4 Previous Accounts of - versus - in Ionic-Attic

 1.5 Accounting for *r̥ > -

 1.6 Outlook



2 Mycenaean Reflexes of *r̥ and the Numeral ‘Four’

 Introduction

 2.1 Preliminary Remarks on the Use of Personal Names

 2.2 An a-Colored Reflex in Mycenaean?

 2.3 Evidence for an o-Colored Reflex

 2.4 o-Series versus a-Series Spellings

 2.5 Explaining the Orthographic Variation between ⟨Co-⟩ and ⟨Co-ro-⟩

 2.6 Ion.-Att. τέταρτος and an Early Simplification of *-tu̯- before *r̥

 2.7 A New Account of Myc. qe-to-ro- and Ion.-Att. τετρα τέτρατος

 2.8 Conclusions regarding Mycenaean



3 Reflexes of *r̥ in the Alphabetic Dialects

 Introduction

 3.1 The Alleged Cretan Liquid Metathesis

 3.2 Other West Greek Dialects

 3.3 The Aeolic Dialects

 3.4 Arcado-Cyprian

 3.5 Pamphylian

 3.6 Conclusions



4 Reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥ in ‘Caland’ Formations

 Introduction

 4.1 The Root Vocalism of Caland Formations in Greek and PIE

 4.2 Analogical Reshaping and Re-derivation

 4.3 Reflexes of *r̥ and *l̥ in the u-Stem Adjectives

 4.4 *βλαδύς versus ἀμαλδύνω

 4.5 θρασύς versus θαρσύνω

 4.6 Conclusions



5 Reflexes of *r̥ in καρτερός, κράτος and Related Forms

 Introduction

 5.1 Semantics and Etymology

 5.2 The Allomorphy of κρατ- and καρτ- in Homer and Classical Greek

 5.3 Conclusions concerning the Vocalization of *r̥



6 Reflexes of *r̥ and muta cum liquida in Epic Greek

 Introduction

 6.1 The Reflex - and the Metrical Behavior of κραδίη

 6.2 Muta cum liquida Scansions in Homer

 6.3 Wathelet’s Proposal for the Origin of McL in Homer

 6.4 Criticism of Wathelet’s Scenario

 6.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence for McL in Homer

 6.6 Avoidance of McL Scansion in Epic Greek

 6.7 Epic *r̥: - Is the Regular Reflex of Artificially Retained *r̥

 6.8 The Evidence for - from Epic *r̥

 6.9 Less Certain Evidence for Epic *r̥

 6.10 Nonce Formations with - in Epic Greek

 6.11 Conclusions



7 Epic Forms with -

 Introduction

 7.1 The Dialectal Origin of Forms with -

 7.2 -ρο- as a Conditioned Reflex of Epic *r̥

 7.3 Other Forms with -

 7.4 Conclusions



8 The Reflexes - and - in Aorist Stems

 Introduction

 8.1 The Evidence

 8.2 The Regular Development *r̥ > - in the Thematic Aorist

 8.3 The Pattern of Attestation of the Thematic Aorists with -

 8.4 Epic *r̥ in the Thematic Aorist?

 8.5 Pindaric δρακέντ-

 8.6 Conclusions



9 Remaining Issues Concerning *r̥

 Introduction

 9.1 The Development of *-r̥s- in Ionic-Attic

 9.2 Verbs with a Non-ablauting Root CraC-

 9.3 An o-Colored Reflex in Attic?

 9.4 The Development of *r̥n

 9.5 Word-Final *-r̥

 9.6 Further Potential Evidence for - < *r̥

 9.7 Evidence for - and - Left out of Consideration



10 The Reflexes of *l̥

 Introduction

 10.1 Unknown, Doubtful, or Uncertain Etymologies

 10.2 Cases of - and - Influenced by a Full Grade Form

 10.3 The Pre-form Did Not Necessarily Contain *l̥

 10.4 Promising Evidence for *l̥ > -

 10.5 The Development of *l̥n

 10.6 Dialectal Evidence

 10.7 Conclusions on *l̥



11 Relative Chronology

 Introduction

 11.1 The Vocalization of *r̥ as a late and dialectally different development

 11.2 Dating the Vocalization of *r̥ in Ionic-Attic

 11.3 Dating the Elimination of Epic *r̥

 11.4 Relative Chronology: Other Sound Changes

 11.5 Conclusions



12 Conclusion

 Introduction

 12.1 Philological Results and New Etymologies

 12.2 Regular Reflexes of PGr. *r̥ in Dialects Other than Ionic and Attic

 12.3 Special Reflexes of Proto-Greek *r̥

 12.4 The Reflexes of Proto-Greek *l̥

 12.5 The Double Reflex αρ versus ρα in Ionic-Attic

 12.6 The Prehistory of the Epic Tradition

 12.7 Relative Chronology and Subgrouping



Bibliography

Index

About the Author

Lucien van Beek, Ph.D. (2013), Leiden University, is Assistant Professor at Leiden University Centre for Linguistics. He has assisted in Beekes’ Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Brill, 2010) and published extensively on Ancient Greek and Indo-European linguistics, etymology, and lexicography.