Table of Contents

1. Preface; 2. Introduction; 3. Acknowledgments; 4. Chronology; 5. 1. Perceptions of translating/interpreting in first-century China; 6. 2. Bridging language barriers in encounters with China in sixth-century Asia; 7. 3. Turkish diplomatic correspondence to Sui China (581-618): Was it translated?; 8. 4. Translation officials in Tang China (618-907); 9. 5. Interpreters and archival records of foreign contacts of imperial China; 10. 6. Interpreters and the writing of histories about interlingual encounters; 11. 7. Interpreters as consultants in historiography in eighth-century China; 12. 8. Interpreters and the making of the Kirghiz Memoir and Kirghiz accounts; 13. 9. Oral translators in outbound diplomatic correspondence; 14. 10. Sogdian interpreters in Tang China: An issue of loyalty; 15. Conclusion; 16. Appendix. The thirteen letters and the two exceptions; 17. Bibliographies; 18. Index